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THE AMERICAN
MIDLAND NATURALIST
DEVOTED TO NATURAL HISTORY, PRIMARILY THAT OF THE PRAIRIE STATES
A JULIUS A. NIEUWLAND, C.S. C., PH. D. / EDITOR
ESE Y PS lan INS. <ansen a P| Qt
: s aN Guyyi4 1920”) y
4
." e Que) meee
VOLUME IV. 1915-1916
UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME NOTRE DAME, INDIANA
CONTENTS
The Ecology and Anatomy of Polygonatum Commutatum
Paieibes, sh to Piney ns td Richard Vogt 8 ee a I Abnormal Flowering of Hepatica............... J. A. Nieuwland _. Il PEnrieClionnNceaine Correction: + ..0u ste £0 ay a eT m3 Distribution of Birds in Brother Alphonsus
Pepa hs Te POO LRSM OIL oR et teee nee Py ATT OL A es We eS Pe AS OR ERNE RRS Ne | Peodca 15 x vei? WL Os et EB SEA TSN AB ae SUEY A Ur OO eu ae ern aerial ON EEN 487 WA Ses ET Pe Ne neath Lee NR MN ren geile Ace Ewe AY | 29 a 1 J 117 lia, AM Me, A Re ae Oe Ae ates SNe? MI READ Joes) Ce MI 165 PE SES SEDER Aa oie Sere = ia deee eee ones meee Cee noe Vea tA 497 PAYNE LTENELIN eee tmeeee es SAC CUES 2. oe Re Ag Wyre al ea ae 327 UR TERAUCEN, 2) Hk ae eR ENR OSs RS MCN Ean te a eek ea te ho, 366, 401 Notesion), Our Wocal\Plantsi— 0 J. A. Nieuwland UN OD, GRAM e ao sf NNER Bor Pan ADA Ia OE CRONE Terag eM UREN EH t 32 TINIE SGT eevee Ae a EM Ce 2 Ae eRe Ce et 53 SAG AU i St Selly es PL a na 2) SEEM eM are 20 Mee res Oe. AAS RTs 174 INO OCIA TE ee oh ek a ie a wb eee oe Wd ee Pa ae 276 INavades ion Missouri. W. I. Utterback Platés i to xxix EO A eciae 2 5 OE I ek ata Ra ht ua nas Oe A se Sees ee eee 41 IN (OMe co are Text figures, T-2—3a—3b uo ok es 97 INO: 3a hs tel Se cat oy or OE SPE oe a ee ie er eit eee PARI! OS | 181 IN ONAN sees ext fipubes/ A569 Ao 2. Sete UVR ee ee 244 Plates i to xxvili NOMS E Sree weer UES La 1 oF eet eee Nae 2 NO Ai oe Se 311 DS CaN oh gs Mento wR EL OS OO eee Rs alk PL oe Pe a SELES, 339 INGNg etek Fa. oe Dextli@uresse6—9a= OD). cscs ee eee 387 INO Se Se Tae gi AEN 9 00 g Ses (2 See Re. Ree DAs anna) AE SET Te 5 432 Plate xxix Wrraimoclins oueriaw seen 2M te TL re Is Ar Niewpland 2.36.2 EN 71 Crocion Aclydophyllum (Greene) Plates We pe cee Oe hs oe Re FAT, SIR One ne R32. ee is 74 Critical Notes on the New and Old Genera of Plants...J. A. Nieuwland NINO a Ve re ee eee cg Seed agen Ue face th Se LN MONT suse Aue 89 TAMCOTSION A) CME NSS ee Sy URE Ta a ea OC Se BT RE eS 333 NowmVlie: 374 NOs) Vie ees “5 379 TIC Res SECU go oe 5 "RS OR A a ae deen ee hes ee ee ee ee 500 omic | atol Mera. cele VA Sa eh RR ote ae me Oe Soe eee aes Je eee ee eS 95 Enumerantur Plantae Dakotae Septentrionalis Vasculares....J. Lunell ING hh ee ees Ps Reg eRe E38 ie So Netter oD eeree eee { 2aeE 52 G34 FoR sR a A A nae a a OD, OE ra ass EN) 211 BNSp eed Tinea cerca eS Ls ES tee ha ee nt A atm Ne Oe INTO AV oes eoxe os Se. eee Cf hs lS NP a ates! a eA Se Re 297
EDN feces eee aM pee ets Ot AD ue ee ee a 355
INO. VI natn be none Decce co else toe nee a ee 409
NO. VID nated 2 Ee ep a ieee done teens rece ere acne 419
NO. VIL nnn 2 oon ace oie e neceene sepa hn a a 467
INO; Tikes. iS ee eee Se. 593 Migration: of Birds 11). oS eee eee Brother Alphonsus
Spring, LOYAL nt Ree ee ee ee eee 168
Snmmer 16 rye See se oe Benak tt ote Regt) ea 204 Sambucus Pubens var. Xanthocarpa..........Jas. J. Lynch
Plates eT, OM TT ee ts Sas 8 Sk eee ee 177 Int MemoniamPlate SoU ee ee ee 228a Spencer Fullerton Baird =)... 2-325 ee ee ee ee 274 Unionidae with Abnormal Teeth eee et Sua Gersen Ai) 8. a ae 280 Records of Adventive Plants.....................J. 4. Nieuwland........................290 Habits of Waterlily Seedlings_..........-......... J. A. Nieuwland
Plate: SET V 22 oon ee eee ee a ee 291 eye Me mT Tame esi. se ea eet ee cao ae ne ee 335 Cleistogamus Flowers in the Pansies..........J. A. Nieuwland............-.....----.- 464 Books Notices sees ee we oe oe RE el 466 Gleistogamy in ‘Cubeltum:...).2 3. A. Nieuwland eee Proliferation in Galendnia pA ean oT Cane JA. Niewtland: 2 502 Mist-of-the’ Naiades of Meramec’ River, Mo.......2200 a ee 5a7 Parasitism Among Missouri Naiadés... 222.220... occ ee ee
MORNE 1OVEr- =k fe A ae Brother Alphonsus............---------- 521
ae
‘A. NIEUWLAND, a2 s; c, Ph. D., Se. D., Editor. AR Ts >
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nas Ye bo . Richard ee pao
=e A. Nicamland’ tr oe nation of ¢ Our Birds i in Spring . Bro. Alphonsus, CSC, oe uti n of Our Birds in Winter - Bro. Alphonsus, G: ‘5, mes 20 : ne as Nivumtond 3?
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PLATE I. VOGT on POLYGONATUM COMMUTATUM,
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YGONATUM C
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The American Midland Naturalist
PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY BY THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, NOTRE DAME, INDIANA.
VOL. IV. JANUARY, ro15. rf NOS. 1, 2.
THE ECOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF POLYsjtheon's:
GONATUM COMMUTATUM. /
BY RICHARD VOGT. Xa
On account of its remarkably slow growth the plant which forms the subject of the following notes was expected to show peculiarities of both ecology and structure. The absence also of ' seedlings readily to be found by the superficial observer led us to seek more carefully for such specimens. As a result of these investigations we obtained what seemed to us rather interesting facts regarding the habits and the anatomy of the plant in various stages of development.
HISTORY. ,
The genus Polygonatum, to which the plant we have studied belongs, was first named by the Greek Dioscorides,' a contemporary of Pliny. The plants were recognized by the name Polygonatum by nearly all pre-Linnaean authors as will be seen in the accom- panying list of synonyms. Some of the older authors using one ° worded names for genera took the common vernacular one corres- ponding to Solomon’s Seal and called the plant Szgillum Sala- montis: e. g., Brunfels, Gesner, and Tragus. Anguillara and Caesalpinus called the type plant of the genus Frasvznella. Heister? rejected all older names and. substituted the name Sala- monia in honor of King Solomon. Linnaeus? did not recognize the genus of the ancients but referred the plants to his newly made genus Convallaria of which the lily-of-the-valley” was the type. The plant on which Dioscorides founded the genus, and which since Linnaeus is still considered the type of the genus Polygonatum, is Convallaria Polygonatum, Linn. As early as 1549
® Dioscorides, Mat. Med. 4 : 5. ? Heister, Syst. 5 (1748).
Ss intiaeiss . Ce oye, 1753); Gens p: 96 (2737)3 p: 148) (1754) Sp: —Pl. p. 314 (1753),
2 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
this plant had been called by Fuchs‘ by the correct and generally admitted binary name Polygonatum latifolium. As early,as the fifteenth century and perhaps much earlier the plants were called Weiszwurz by the Germans, because of the characteristic white roots. All of the other contemporaneous European vernacular names were translations of the Latin Szgilium Salamonis -or Soloman’s Seal. Caspar Bauhin’ explains the name as well as the Dioscorean one: ‘‘quod radix crebro geniculata sit’’ because the root is much geniculate ‘ Vulgo Sigillum Salamonis haud dubie a vestigiis pluribus radici sigilli instar impressis,” ‘commonly Solomon’s Seal doubtless because of the many (stem) traces impressed upon the root like a seal.’’ Leonhard Fuchs® also had aptly accounted for the name nearly one hundred years before: “Polygonatum Latinis dicitur. Officinis, item herbariis and vulgo Sigillum Salamonis, Germanis Wetszwurz (Gallis, signet de Salamo) - hoc est radix alba nominatur. Polygonatum autem a radici geni- culorum frequentibus nodis ex intervallis tumente appellaverunt.” “(The plant) is called by the Latins Polygonatum; in the shops and by herbarians commonly Solomon’s seal; by the Germans, Weiszwurz, that is, white root. Polygonatum they called it from the roots swelling at frequent intervals with bends and nodes.”’
In our region the genus is represented by two species P. biflorum Walt. Ell. and P. commutatum R. and S. The latter is the subject of this article. P. commutatum was first differentiated as a species from both European and other American members _ of the genus by Schulte under the name Convallaria commutata. Unaware of this publication Dietrich* had published this plant as new under the name P. giganteum by which it was known until recently in some of our common American manuals. Later he admitted the priority of P. commutatum as a specific name.?
The following is a resumé of the synomymy of the generic and specific names. |
POLYGONATUM. Dioscorides, Mat. Med. 4:5.
Also Polygonatum, Matthioli, Lacuna, Castor Durante,
4Fuchs, L., Primi de Stirpium Historia, p. 336 (1549). 5Bauhin, C., Pinax, p. 303 (1623).
6Fuchs, L. de Historia Stirpium, p. 199 b (1546). ™R. and S. Sept. 7., p. 1671 (1830).
8Otto and Dietr. Gartenz. 3 22> (reas)
°Otto and Dietr., Gartenz. 3 : 223 (1835).
POLYGONATUM COMMUTATUM 3
Comerarius, Fuchs, Dodonaeus, Cordus, Gesner, Lobelius, Tabernaemontanus, Gerard, Lonicer, Cusa, Thalius, Clusius, Turner, Caesalpinus, and Bauhin. Tour., Els. p. 69 (1694); Peek. ,.p.°79) (1700); Hill; \Br..Herb, pi320 (1756) :)Zinn., Cat. Pl. p. 59.(1760); Morandi, Hist. Bot. Pract. p. 105 (1761); Adan- son, Fam. des Pl. p. 54 (1753). Szgillum Salamonis. Brunfels, Gesner, Tragus. Convallaria. Ljinn., Syst. (1735); Gen. p. 96 (1737), 148 (1754); Sp. Pl. p. 314 (1753) Axzllaria. Raf., Jour. Phys. 89: p. 261 (1819). Am Month. Mag. 266, (1818).
Polygonatum commutatum. (R. and S.) Dietr., Gartenz. ay) Py 223 (2835):
P, giganteum |. c. p. 322. Convallaria commutata R. and S. BySt. 7, p. 1761e(1830)+
ECOLOGY OF THE SEEDLING.
The young seedlings of the plant were found to be very common during the past summer at several places near South Bend, and an opportunity was thus afforded of studying them under natural conditions. They seem to thrive best in a well drained sandy soil with plenty of vegetable mold and in a position where they will be mulched and protected but not much shaded by surrounding trees.
The mature plant with its berries, after wilting or drying up, falls to the ground sometime in October, and the berries are soon covered with fallen leaves and other debris. In this state they soon rot leaving the seeds entirely embedded. The seeds themselves are‘somewhat roughly spherical in shape and about three milli- meters in diameter; at first of a pale yellow collor with a brownish scar, they later become a dingy brown throughout. The bulk of the seed is found to be made up of endosperm food storage tissue of a horny consistency and composed of rather large cells, having thick and regular food deposits on the inner surface of their walls, and communicating with each other by numerous small canals (Fig. tox). These seeds lie dormant during the fall and winter and germinate about the last of May or in early June, although they may sometimes be much retarded.
In germination the embryo breaks through the seed coat at a point about opposite the scar, and there are pushed out in succession; first the radical or primary root, next the hypocotyl which is soon slightly enlarged, and last the petiole of the coty-
4 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
ledon (Figs. 1 and 2.) (All drawings of the seedling are natural size.) The cotyledon itself remains inside the seed to act as an organ of absorption. The primary root now strikes downward into the soil and may attain a length of about five centimeters. the first summer (Figs. 2 to 7.) Meanwhile the hypocotyl gradually increases in diameter, and a slit opens in its side through which the epicotyl or plumule first appears as a small conical bud (figs. 2 and 3). The epicotyl pushes out through this slit and grows to a length of about one centimeter during the first season, bearing usually two or three membranous leaf scales, and at its base one or two secondary roots (Figs. 4 to 7). In none of the many seedlings observed did the epicotyl produce a green leaf the first year, but in all cases the plant remained entirely underground until the second spring. It will be seen therefore’ that the plant, having no green leaves, can produce no new organic material but is dependant until the second summer on that stored in the seed. Such of this food material, however, as is not used in the first season’s growth does not apparently remain in the seed, but is passed downward through the cotyledon and its petiole into the hypocotyl, where it is stored in a form probably far more readily available than the horny endosperm of the seed. ‘This transfer is shown by the fact that before fall the seed and coty- ledon are withered and soon afterwards decay, while at the same time the hypocotyl becomes enlarged, forming a tuberous body about the same in size as the original seed (Figs. 4 to 7). All, there- | fore, that the plant does during its first growing season is develop a root system, form a good-sized bud (the epicotyl), and transfer the remaining food from the seed into the hypocotyl where it will be ready for immediate use at the beginning of the second season. It will be seen that in this way the hypocotyl as well as the epicotyl takes part in forming the embryonic rhizome of the plant.
By the second spring the decay of the seed and cotyledon is complete, and the primary root now also withers away leaving thus two scars on the tuberous hypocotyl where these parts \ were once attached (Figs. 8 andg). A single long-petioled green leaf is now sent up from the tip of the epicotyl; it will be noted that this is the first part which is visible above ground, the plant being in its second year of growth (Figs. 8, 9). During this second summer the old secondary roots also increase in size and new ones are sent out from various points on the epicotyl (fig. 9).
= = 1
POLYGONATUM COMMUTATUM 5
As fall approaches the epicotyl about the base of the leaf enlarges forming a second tuber similar in appearance to the old hypocotyl and separated from it by a narrow constriction (Fig. 9). In fall a rather large bud is produced in or near the axil of the leaf, and the leaf itself withers away, leaving an elongated scar on this second tuber. During the third summer a second single leaf and a third tuber are formed almost exactly like those of the previous year, and there is a further development of the root system. The leaf decays in fall leaving a long transverse scar on the third tuber.
The fourth year a true aérial stem with two or sometimes three leaves is sent up by most and probably by all of the seedlings not accidently retarded in growth. In no case was such a stem found earlier than the fourth year. In perfect plants then the fourth tuber is always found bearing a round stem scar produced by the dropping off of this first stem and readily distinguishable from the previous leaf scars. About this time, however, the first tuber or old hypocotyl usually decays, so that four-year-old rhizomes are not always found with four tubers. On this account it becomes increasingly difficult to determine the exact age of a plant by inspection only.
Moreover after the fourth year the constrictions between the tubers become less marked until in later life an almost continuous rhizome results with only joints and stem scars to mark the annual growth, the only decrease in diameter being in the parts formed at the time of seasonal droughts and fruit production in late summer and fall. There is a very gradual increase in the size of the successive aérial stems, and it is perhaps not until about the tenth year or even later that any flowers or fruit appear. Thus the development of the seedling is a very slow process, and, since the growth of the mature rhizome is by no means fast, it will be seen that some of the ordinary large branching colonies must be very old to have reached such a size.
THE ANATOMY OF THE SEEDLING. ° GENERAL:NOTES ON THE VASCULAR SYSTEM (FIG. [Oy DIAGRAMIC).
The primary root (c) has a single radical wood bundle, and this divides on entering the hypocotyl (b), one branch going up- ward into the petiole of the cotledon (a) and the other to the epicotyl (f) at the opposite side. That which enters the petiole of the cotyledon again divides and the branches continue almost
6 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
to the end of the cotyledon where they gradually disappear. This bundle of the hypocotyl is seen about to divide in figure 12,f. The epicotyl (f) has at first no definite vascular bundles, but later a number of closed collateral bundles are formed most of which are in connection with the secondary roots that are sent out directly from the epicotyl. There is, however, some further development of conducting tissue leading from the hypo- cotyl into the epicotyl as lateral branches of the original bundle (Fig. 12,f). In the cross section of the hypocotyl (Fig. 12) the main bundle (c) with its branches (d) are seen in the form of a semi- circle but as they approach the epicotyl they seem to take the form of an almost complete circle.
THE PRIMARY ROOT (FIG. II).
The wood bundle of the primary root is of the radial type with alternating phloem (leptome) (f) and xylem (hadrome) (g) rays and is most often triarch but sometimes diarch or tetrarch as in the illustration. The xylem growth is exarch, and the ducts are of the ring and spiral types. The bundle is surrounded by a pericycle (e) of small flattened cells and an endodermis (d) which although not composed of thick walled cells is nevertheless very distinctive. ‘The cortex (c) consists of about seven to ten irregular layers of short cylindrical parenchymatous cells which contain some raphides (h). The outer cortical layer is composed of larger cells (b), and these have a marked palisaded appearance. ‘The epiblema cells (a) are small and rather thin walled even on the outer side.
THE HYPOCOTYL (FIG. 12).
The bundle (f) leading to the cotyledon shows in cross section as an irregular double row of xylem ducts with the phloem grouped about the ends of the row and on the side next the epidermis. The bundle (c) leading into the epicotyl is of the collateral type with what seems to be a nearly semicircular cambium strand (d) extending out a considerable distance on each side. This strand takes on the form of an almost perfect circle as it nears the epicotyl. In this semi-zone secondary bundles are later formed leading from the hypocotyl into the epicotyl. The space between these bundles is occupied by large cylindrical parenchyma cells (e), and the surrounding cortex (b) is of similar structure. The whole
POLYGONATUM COMMUTATUM _ - 7
is enclosed by an epidermis (dermatogen) (a) with a slightly thickened outer wall. THE COTYLEDON AND ITS PETIOLE (FIG. 10).
These have two wedge-shaped closed collateral bundles with xylem (d) directed inward and phloem (c) outward. These bundles are produced by the splitting of the single flattened bundle of the hypocotyl as shown in the diagram (Fig. 12). They are very well developed since all the water entering the seed and the entire food supply which is derived from it must pass through them. The remaining portions of the cotyledon are made up of simple parenchymatous tissue (b) with a thin walled epidermis (a).
THE EPICOTYL.
The epicotyl of a germinating seedling is made up of embryonic parts which have no marked vascular structure. Later its makeup is much the same as that of the mature rhizome into which it develops.
HISTOLOGY OF THE MATURE PLANT. THE ROOT (FIG. 21).
The epiblema (a) of the ‘root is composed of rather thin- walled cells somewhat elongated lengthwise of the root. Beneath these is a peculiar layer of enlarged cortical cells (b) having a palisaded appearance as in the primary root. ‘The remainder of the cortex is made up of smaller cells (c), and in young roots is from eight to ten cell layers in thickness. Next in order are a well marked endodermis of thin walled cells (d), and a pericycle sur- rounding the central stele. The stele itself is of the radial type with from three to seven exarch xylem (hadrome) rays (g) and alternating phoelm (leptome) strands (f). Fig. 22 is a cross section of a heptarch or seven rayed bundle from a young root tip, showing the innermost layer of ordinary cortical cells (a), the endodermis (b), and the pericycle (c) before the cells have taken on their ordinary flattened appearance. Only the protoxylem (d) and protophloem (e) have been formed, the rest of the conducting tissue being as yet undeveloped. The large cells (f) embedded in the pith (g) form metaxylem a little later.
THE RHIZOME (FIGS. 18 and 19).
In the rhizome will be seen first the epidermis (Fig. 18,a,
Fig. 19, a) of flattened brick-like cells with a thickened outer wall.
‘Beneath these is the cortex (Fig. 18, b, Fig. 19, b) of roughly
8 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
elliposoidal cells which gradually increase in size towards the center of the rhizome and merge without any line of demarcation into the large parenchymatous cells which make up the bulk of the organ. Many of these contain a few starch granules (Fig. 19, d), and there are a number of enlarged cells with raphides (Fig. 18, c, Fig. 19,c). The numerous scattered wood bundles vary in type from the closed collateral (Fig. 19, n) to those which are rather com- pletely and typically amphivasal (Fig. 20). This transition shows the close relation that exists between these two types. The amphi- vasal bundles are mostly found in the center of the rhizome and in the older portion of its length, showing that they are a subsequent modification of the closed collateral. The xylem (Fig. 18, f, g, Fig. 19, e) is of the spiral and pitted types. The phloem (Fig. 18, h, Fig. 19, f) consists of the ordinary elongated sieve cells. Around each bundle there are one or two irregular layers of elongated cells which appear as a sheath (Fig. 18, d, e; Fig. 19, g), but these are not always distinctive. Fig. 20 shows an amphi- vasal bundle from the center of an old rhizome. The xylem (c) completely surrounds the phloem (f) and there are two sheath layers (a, b) separating the bundle from the surrounding parench- matous tissue (e).
THE STEM (FIGS. 16. and 17).
The stem has an epidermis of brick-like cells with greatly thickened walls (Fig. 16,a; Fig. 17, a), Beneath this are found three or four layers of large thin-walled cortical cells (Fig. 16, b; Fig. 17, b). Next in order is a very distinctive zone of hardened schler- enchyma made up of cells whose walls are so much thickened that only a small lumen remains (Fig. 16, ce; Fig 17, ¢). This schler- enchyma appears to develop from the cambium layer which earlier in the season formed the wood bundles. One small bundle (Fig. 17) is shown entirely embedded in the layer and most of those nearest it are at least partially surrounded. The remaining part of the stem enclosed in this schlerenchyma cylinder is composed of rather loosely arranged pith tissue (Fig. 17, d) which contains the numerous scattered vascular bundles. ‘These are of the closed collateral type with the xylem (Fig. 16,e; Fig. 17,e) directed towards the center of the stem. The xylem consists mostly of spiral ducts, and the principle element of the phloem is the elongated sieve tube cells (Fig. 16, d; Fig. 17, f).
POLYGONATUM COMMUTATUM 9
THE LEAF (FIG. 13, 14, 15).
‘The upper expidermis of the leaf (Fig. 13,a; Fig. 14) is com- posed of elongated and flattened cells with thickened walls. ‘The lower epidermis (Fig. 13,1; Fig. 15) is simililar but is perforated by numerous stomata (Fig. 13, f). There are two palisaded cell layers immediately under the upper epidermis and these contain most of the chlorophyll (Fig. 13, b and c). Between the palisade cells and the lower epidermis the space is taken up by loose paren- cyhmatous tissue about four cells in thickness (Fig. 13, g). These cells have some chlorophyll and communicate with the stomata through the large intercellular spaces.
; RESUME.
The following facts are considered to be peculiarly character- istic of the plant :—
1. No part of the seedling appears above ground the first year, but the plant simply transfers the food from the endosperm into its own storage parts and subsists upon it until the first leaf is completely developed during the second summer.
2: Asingle green leaf is sent up in the second year and another in the third year, but no aérial stem is produced before the fourth year.
3. When the fourth tuber of the rhizome has appeared, the first kas usually rotted, making it difficult to estimate the age of a young plant by simple inspection.
4. A well marked vascular development of the cotyledon is a notable feature of the seedling anatomy.
5. In primary roots there is a variation of the plerome from diarch to tetarch and in secondary roots from triarch to heptarch.
6. Most of the wood bundles in the constricted portion of the annual growth are amphivasal while all of those in the thicker portion are collateral. What seems to be a probable explanation of this fact might be given here. The aérial stem is produced each year from a bud at the extremity of the rhizome, but the rhizome later continues growth beyond this point leaving the aérial stem in the position of a branch. The first part of this annual growth of the rhizome is a much thickened food storage organ, and since at this time it is not the in main line of water condition there is little use for xylem and the bundles there remain collateral. The continuations of these bundles in the later and more constricted
10 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
part of the annual growth are also at first collateral, but winter overtakes these in an undeveloped condition. ‘The following spring most of these bundles divide at their growing point, part of the new elements going upward into a new aérial stem and part into a further extension of the rhizome. On account of the great demand for soil sap in the new stem the unfinished col- lateral bundles in the adjacent constricted part of last year’s rhizome growth develop an unusual amount of xylem in connection with new secondary roots and become amphivasal. In the more distant expanded part of the rhizome the continuations of these bundles being already mature remain collateral as at first, but many of them develop excessive numbers of xylem elements which do not,. however, encircle the phloem (Fig. 17.)
EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.
Figs. 1-9. Illustration of the stages of development of the seedling from the time of germination until the end of the second year’s growth. All of the illustration are exactly life size. Fig. 1. Germinating seed with primary root and hypocotyl emerging. Fig. 2. Later stage with elongated primary root, swollen hypocotyl, and the slit through which the epicotyl is to emerge. Fig. 3. The epicotyl appearing through the slit. -Fig. 4. Stage in the further development of the epicotyl and primary root. Figs. 5 and 6. Formation of secondary roots. Fig. 7. Elongation of epicotyl and production of leaf scales. Fig. 8. Seedling with leaf in second season of growth. The cotyledon has disappeared and the primary root is withering. Fig. 9. A later stage in the second year’s growth showing the formation of the second tuber.
Fig. 10. Cross section of the petiole of the seedling cotyledon. (a) epidermis, (b) cortical tissue, (c) phloem, (d) xylem.
Fig. 10x. Food storage cells of the seed endosperm.
Fig. roy. Longitudinal diagrammatic section of the tissue systems in a young seedling. ‘The side figures show diagrammatic cross sections at the places indicated by the dotted lines. (a) petiole of cotyledon, (b) hypocotyl, (c) primary root, (d) seed, (e) cotyledon, (b) epicotyl.
Fig. 11. Cross section of the primary root of the seedling. (a) epiblema, (b) palisaded layer of the periblem, (c) ordinary periblem cells, (d) endoder- mis, (e) pericycle, (f) phloem and (g) xylem, constituting the plerome, (h) raphides.
Fig. 12. Cross section of the hypocotyl. (a) dermatogen, (b) periblem, (c) bundle leading to epicotyl, (d) cambium layer, (e) central parenchy- matous tissue, (f) bundle leading to cotyledon.
Fig. 13. Cross section of the leaf of amature plant. (a) upper epider- mis, (b and c) palisaded layer, (d) wood bunble, (e) lower epidermis, (f) stoma, (g) loose chlorenchyma.
Fig. 14. Surface view of upper epidermis showing cell structure.
ABNORMAL FLOWERING OF HEPETICA II
Fig. 15. Surface view of lower epidermis containing stomata.
Fig. 16. Longitudinal section of mature stem taken late in season when growth in thickness had ceased and all of the tissues were in perma- nent condition. (a) epidermis, (b) cortex, (c) schlerenchyma, (d) pith, (e) xylem, (f) phyloem.
Fig. 17. Cross section of the same. (a) epidermis, (b) cortex, (c) schlerenchyma, (d) pith, (e) xylem, (f) phloem.
Fig. 18. Longitudianl section of mature rhizome. (a) epidermis, (b) cortex, (c) cell containing raphides, (d and e) sheaths of elongated cortical! cells, (f and g) xylem, (h) phloem. ‘The bundle is amphivaial, and a duct is shown at the extreme right.
Fig. 19. Cross section through the mature rhizome. (a) epidermis, (b) cortex, (c) cell with raphides, (d) starch granules, (e) xylem, (f) phloem in an almost amphivasal bundle, (g) sheath of cortical cells, (h) a small typical collateral bundle.
Fig. 20. Cross section in detail through a more typical amphivasal bundle from center of an old rhizome. (a and b) sheath layers, (c) xylem, (d) cells which will later from xylem, (e) cortex, (f) phloem.
Fig. 21. Cross section of a small secondary root. (a) epelbema, (b) outer palisaded layer of periblem, (c) ordinary periblem cells, (d) endoder- mis, (e) pericycle, (f) phloem, (g) xylem.
Fig. 22. Cross section of the wood bundle from the tip of a larger seconadry root on an older part of the plant. (a) periblem, (b) endodermis, (c) periclycle, (d) xylem, (e) phloem, (f) cells which form meta-xylem, (g) pith cells.
The scale of magnification accompanies each figure.
ABNORMAL FLOWERING OF HEPATICA.
BY J. A. NIEUWLAND.
The tendency to redundancy of sepals in Hepatica, our common liver-leaf, a plant that adds so much to the beauty of our early spring woods, was noticed several hundred years ago by Lobelius' or as he is also known de l’Obel. He even gave the double flowered plant the varietal name, customary in those days, calling it Hepatica trifolia polyanthos, or doubled flowered Hepatica trifolia. Parkinson? in 1629 also describes such plants under practically the same name. The Liverleaf itself was even earlier called Hepatica by Bock’ in Brunfels great work of botany, the first that included good natural lifelike illustrations of plants in the sixteenth century.
Since in this plant it may be considered that the so-called ““sepals’’ arise by the change of the stamens into these in doubling,
12 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
and that the latter proportionately diminish in number and often disappear entirely not only when cultivated but also wild, it is probably worth while considering them at least in part as real petals. The flowers of the plant are then to be considered as really rather asepalous than apetalous. Such double] flowers have been found as intimated even in their native haunts in perfectly wild conditions.
Color variations are even more common. A hillside of plants of H. acuta was seen during the last season where the flowers ranged from perfectly pure white through lavender, pink, rose, purple, all with or without darker margins to light blue dark blue and even the darkest violet, all the plants being indiserim- inately scattered over the hillside facing the sun. I could only account for this wonderful show of color variation from the fact that the previous fall the area had been burnt over. A :imilar condition seemed to cause all or nearly all of the plants of Viola popultfolia, our common blue violet, to have blotched and streaked petals on their flowers. These violets were found in this condition only where the leaves were burnt away the year before. Some of these were transferred to a garden and bloomed the second season with similarly blotched flowers, blue and white streaked.
A plant of Hepatica was found in which all the bracts were very close to the flower parts, in fact almost on the torus of the flower. These bracts were distinctly three-lobed and seemed to approximate the shape of the true hepatica leaves in being very broad, whereas the ordinary bracts are usually oval and quite entire or ovate. In the flowers of this plant the outer ‘‘sepals”’ colored in the typical plant were here green and herbaceous on the margins. This would seem to indicate a tendency on the part of the ‘“‘sepals’”’ to become bractlike or become real green sepals. As there are in most plants of Hepatica two more or less complete whorls of the so-called ‘“‘sepals’’ it were perhaps not incongruous to consider that these plants have both real sepals and real petals in more or less complete whorls usually alike, butin such cases atavistically tending to differentiate themselves, the outer gradually changing themselves under normal con- ditions into bracts gradually, and the inner similarly showing by the change of stamens into them that there is no break in the number of floral envelopes.
Another anomalous condition of inflorescence in this plant
CORRECTION NEEDING CORRECTION [3
was seen at the same time in a number of individuals. One of these had beside the normal one-flowered about six others with two .or three subsessile flowers in the bracts. In one instance the third flower was neutral having “‘sepals’’ alone. ‘This condition was not one of fasciation as the usual flattened peduncles of greater diameter in one way were absent and the stalks appeared no different than in normal. In several cases the usual three bracts were present and the supernumerary flowers came from these in umbel fashion. In one case two flowers were found at the end of a common pedicel (bracts some distance below) and on a common receptacle or double torus. In several the outer bracts of the cluster were 2 to 3-lobed or notched. ‘The several flowers had very distinct pedicels nearly all with their own secondary bracts and only one bractless. In another a bent one- bracted node or joint was found at the base of the several pedicels of the umbel-lke cluster. Still, another more peculiar specimen consisted of a peduncle with a larger bract near the top. From the axis of this arose two pedicels, one with a normal flower, the other with two flowers on a common torus. The larger of these two had three three-nothced bracts and the other two three- notched bracts at the apex.
A CORRECTION NEEDING CORRECTION.
Some years ago the term macrospore for the larger non- sexual speciallized reproductive cell of the heterosporous pter- idophyta was found objectionable because the name was deemed inaccurate in meaning. ‘lhe word (ax Q0s (macros) in Greek means “‘long’’ and the spores in question are not long but large, or big. It might have been thought by some more or less con- servative botanists of the “‘laissez faire’ type that the attempt at correction might be considered as fastidiousness. Scientists, however ought to be exact especially in their terminology, though an equally industrious attempt to correct nomenclature usually raises a clamor among the morphologists who carp at continual name changing. Be this as it may, the object in question suggests rather the idea of largeness, and hence ought to have come from the Greek word péyas (megas). ‘The name was accordingly changed to ‘“‘megaspore”’ and in a few months it was even enthu- siastically received by all without exception, and, as far as we
14 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
can find, still holds sway. We wondered at the time the name was proposed, how long it would take to find that though cor- rectly derived as to its meaning it is grammatically wrong in form. In fact we have after these number of years without shadow of suspicion on the part of many, had to endure an ety- mological monstrosity, which has not only been taken up into the terminology of the science but accepted by otherwise reputed scientists, and that without any question as to the credentials of the correction deserving commendation.
A mere beginner in Greek literature would have known from his first few lessons in that language that any name coming from the word uéyas, fem., weydAn, neut. wéya, having the genitive weya&Aov, must according to the rules for the derivation of words in the ancient languages come from the root of the word. The root of the word in question is “éyaA, from the genitive weyaAov. The name then should have been megalospore, the “O”’ being inserted before consonants. The taking of the simple nom- inative case of a word may be an easy way for the name tinkers, but it is as unpardonable to burden a nomenclature or a termi- nology with these mongrel names, as is the using of a plural form of verb with a singular subject. The former moreover is not nearly as uncomimon as one would at first suspect. It may be said on the one hand that this matter is not strictly botanical in relevance and of minor moment, but the dignity of a science merits better from its makers of names. On the other hand it may be asked ‘‘Why was not attention called sooner to the matter? instead of criticizing when perhaps too late?’’ It is to us still a matter of wonder that the name was not sooner amended, and perhaps, such is the indifference on the part of our writers or maybe rather ignorance, that the results might have been the same in the long run anyway.
As an example of the proper use of names with “evans we have the following plant names, and more may be found in the Index Kewensis: Magalodonta, Greene, Megalotropus, Megalachne. On the other hand Megastachya, Megastigma show that our nomen- clature as well as our terminology may be improved. Moreover as the name of the group of so-called brown algae we say Melano- phyceae (instead of the incorrect Melaphyceae) though the deri- vation is from the Greek word uéAas, uéAaiwa, “éAay, meaning black. “
ae ee
DISTRIBUTION OF OUR BIRDS IN SPRING 15
DISTRIBUTION OF OUR BIRDS IN SPRING.
BY BROTHER ALPHONSUS, C. S. C.
In four springs, the Blue Jay was least abundant in March, there having been a total of 72 records for that month. In the same period, there were, 111 records for April and 113 for May. A comparison of the totals for each spring shows considerable disparity. Between the highest total and each of the others there were respectively 6, 18 and 30 records. The total number of records for the four seasons was 306, the species not having heen observed on 62 days.
Unlike the Blue Jay, the Crow’s records in four years, show a decrease from March to May, the totals for the three months being 101, 93 and 76 records. The various totals for each year show successively differences of 18, 29, 23 records fewer than the highest total in 1910. There is a very slight difference between the records of 1911, 1912, 1913, 11 records being the highest and 5, the lowest. The total for the four seasons was 270 records,
The Snowbird, for four years, was most abundant in April, the total number of records for that time having been 104. For the same period, March shows 71 and May 5 records. In March, the species was most unevenly distributed, as the number of records for four years shows—27, 14, 9, 21. In thé totals for each of four seasons, the greatest difference was 16 and the smallest, 5 records. The total for four springs was 18o records.
The Bluebird presents records that are exceptional in one year—1g912. The total for the spring of that year was 17 records, which was 28 fewer than the lowest total of any of the other three years. For four springs, the species was most abundant in April and least plentiful in May. Leaving out the records for 1912, and there is but a slight difference in the totals for March and April, 63 records for the former and 7o for the latter. Making a comparison, without the records for 1912, we find the various totals for the other years showing 29 records as the greatest differ- ence and 19 as the least. The total for four years was 191 records.
The Robin shows exceptional irregularity in March, 1912—, there being only 9 records for that month. Barring this exception, the species is a typical example of great regularity in all the spring months. In March, 4 records was the greatest difference, and 2
16 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
records, the smallest; in April, the only difference was 2 records; in May, there was but one record fewer, in 1g1I. The Robin’s total number of records for four seasons was 321—the species not having been seen on 47 days.
The Bronzed Grackle was least abundant in March, having 73 records in four years. The cold winter of 1912 shows only 8 records for March. The species was very regular in April and May, with a difference of only 4 records; and deducting the extra day in May, there would have been only 2 records fewer in April. The total for four springs was 313 records.
The Song Sparrow, in March, had the same number of records as the Bronzed Grackle—73. There was great regularity in April and May, the species not having heen found only on one day in May in four years; and having been observed every day in April for the same time. In its total for four springs, the Song Sparrow exceeded the Bronzed Grackle by one record, having had 314 records. ‘
Like the other spring migrants, the Meadowlark was least regular in March—having for four years a total of 60 records. In April and May, the ‘special was abundant, and showed but 5 records as the difference between the totals for those months in four seasons. The total for four years was 292 records.
The White-breasted Nuthatch presents a case of singular irregularity in all the spring months. I shall give the complete records for the four years that the reader may see at a glance in what way the species was distributed.—Records for March: 3, 20, 0, 11;—total, 34.. April: 7, 17, 7,.17;—total, 42.) day. 8, 13, 4, 9;—total, 34. Totals for each spring: 1910, 28; 1911, 50; 1912, I¥; 1913, 37. Total for four seasons, 126 records. My records for the species in the spring of 1914 were still more irregular.
In March, the Cowbird had but 13 records in four years. In April and May, the species was abundant, as the records for those months show—April having as a total 105, and May, 115 records. In the four seasons, the species totalled 229 records, falling con- siderably below the records of the Bronzed Grackle, but exceeding by nearly 50 records those of the Red-winged Blackbird.
The Red-winged Blackbird, in four years, totalled 18 records for March, 72 for April, and 90 for May; making the total for the four seasons 180 records. Unless an observer frequents a marshy part of the country, he will not obtain satisfactory records for
DISTRIBUTION OF OUR BIRDS IN SPRING 17)
this species. For this reason, my own records, I know, are some- what incomplete.
The Flicker was seen on 7 days in March, 1910; but was not recorded in that month in any other year. ‘The total for April, in four years, was 87 records, with 33 failures; for May, 80 records, with 44 failures. The average total number of records for each spring was 43, and the total for the four seasons was 174 records.
In March, 1910, the Vesper Sparrow was seen on g days; in the other three years, these were no records for March. April totalled 81 records, and May, 91, for four years. Between the highest and lowest totals, in four seasons, there was a difference of 14 records. The average number of records for each spring was about 44, and the total for four years was 177 records.
The March records for the Mouring Dove totalled, in four years, 7; there having been none in 1912. ‘The April records were 77; the May, 113; and the difference, 36 records. The difference between the highest and lowest totals; in four years, was only g records. For the four seasons, the average was nearly 52 records, and the total was 207 records.
The Phoebe, in four years, had 10 March records. In 1912, there were no records for March, two for April, and one for May. Although the totals for April and May, in the other years, were respectively 39 and 31 records, yet these figures do not give a correct idea of the ‘distribution of the species. Barring 1912, April shows the greatest difference in its records to be 13, and May, 9. The four springs totalled 80 records. It would be inter- esting to determine the relative abundance of the Phoebe and the Wood Pewee. ‘The latter being essentially a species of the woods, it is easy to record it daily, after its arrival in May. The Phoebe ‘rrives, sometimes in March; but nests only in favorable places; end thus is not so easily recorded.
The records of the Kingfisher show that the species was most abundant in April, the total for four years being 41 records. In 1910, the April records reached 19, which was almost double as many as those of any other year. In May, there was uniformity in the number of records for each year, the highest being 9, and the total, 25. The species was exceedingly rare in March—only 4 records having been made in four years. For the four seasons, a total of 70 records is shown.
18 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
In April, the Ttowhee shows considerable disparity in its records; the highest being 15 and the lowest 4, with a total of 38 records—the largest number in any of the spring months. In May, 1911, there was no record made for the species; in 1912, only 4 records; in the other two years the records were uniform— 15 and 18, respectively. In March, there were 2 records in 1910, and none in the other years. The total for four seasons was 77 records.
The Field Sparrow ranks among the most regular species. In March, the difference between the highest and lowest number of records was 5; in April, the difference was 6; in May, 5. In March, the total for four years was 5 records; in April, 100 records; in May, 1o5 records. The total for all the spring months was 220 records. i
In March, the Chipping Sparrow was recorded 4 times in two years, but no record was made in 1912 and 1913. In April, the species was irregular, the lowest record having been 13, in 1912; and the total, 80 records, in four years. In May, the records totalled 120, with only 4 days on which the species was not seen. The average total for each spring was 51 records. In the four seasons, there was a total of 204:records, and 164 days when the species was not found.
In only one year, 1910, was the Sapsucker seen in each of the spring months. The total for that year was 23 records, which was either equal to, or greater, than the total of any other two years. The total for the other three years was 31 records; and for the four springs, 54 records. In 1912 and 1913, the species was recorded only in April, both years together totalling 23 records. In three years, the Sapsucker was not found in March; and in two years, it was not seen in May.
The Golden-crowned Kinglet had 6 records in March, 29 in April, and none in May. The total for four springs was 35 records. The Ruby-crowned Kinglet had no records in March, 19 in April, and 10 in May. The total for four seasons was 29 records. From these records, the reader may readily see which species is the hardier and the more abundant.
Although the Goldfinch is a species that may be found in any month of the year, still my observations for the spring months in four years show that the Goldfinch had 2 records in March; 21, in April; 104, in May. The total was 127 records. It is difficult
DISTRIBUTION OF OUR BIRDS IN SPRING 19
to determine why the species was so seldom seen in March and April, unless the food supply is scanty in those months.
In four springs, the Red-headed Woodpecker was recorded but twice in March; and was recorded on 36 days in April, and on 116 days in May; making a total of 152 records. Now the writer has a very interesting fact to state about this species, which he con- siders the most remarkable case of disparity in distribution that has ever come under his observation. In the spring of 1914, the Red-headed Woodpecker was recorded on 26 days in March, and on 28 days in April; making-a total of 54 records. ‘The species did not migrate in the autumn of 1913, and remained all during the following winter, which was very mild.
The Downy Woodpecker, in 1910 and 1912, had but 20 records; in 1911 and 1913, the species had 64 records. Such great disparity of distribution, in four years, seems remarkable; and yet it is typical of the species, which is always comparatively rare in May, and sometimes in March and April. Like the White-breasted Nuthatch, the Downy Woodpecker is seldom seen during the nesting season. The total number of records for the species in four springs was 84.
The Tree Sparrow was recorded 28 times in March and 18 times in April, totalling 46 records. In three years—1g10 to 1912— the species had 15 records for March; and 13 for that month in 1913; thus showing irregularity for March. In April, a similar irregularity is evident from the following records: 1910, 0; 1911, 4; I9I2, 10; 1913, 4. I have found this species abundant in winter during mild weather; and when spring arrives early in March, the Tree Sparrow should be regularly seen during that month.
The Brown Creeper was present on 8 days in March and on 21 days in April. The highest record for the species was in 1913— March showing 5 and April 10 records. Why the other three years had only 14 records for their total, seems inexplicable. But this species, I have found, is irregular thoroughout the year.
In May, 1910 and 1911, the Red-eyed Vireo had 4 records for each year. In 1912, the species had 13 records; in 1913, 12 records; the total for four years being 33 records. The Red- eyed Vireo is not often heard outside of deep woods; but why there should be such great disparity between the records of two sets of years, I can not explain.
The Rose-breasted Grosbeak was here. on 4 days in May,
20 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
1910 and 1912; on 7 days in 1913; in 1911, the species did not appear. From these records, it will be seen that’ this Grosbeak | is very locally distributed. So far, I have never recorded the species outside of spring.
The Loggerhead Shrike was recorded 4 times in March and 6 times in April, 1910; once in March and twice in April, 1912; twice in April and once in May, 1913; making a total of 16 records. This shrike nests usually in hedges, in outlying districts, which accounts for the few records that I obtained for the species.
The Killdeer, by its spring records, shows that it is a-rare species during that season. In four years, March had 18 records; April had 28; and May had 27; making a total of 73 records. There is also a considerable difference between two set of years; 1910 and 1913 having together 51 records; and.1g11 and 1912 showing only 22 records. The species is somewhat solitary during the nesting séason, not often visiting places distant from the rest.
Among the species that were recorded only in April and May were: White-throated Sparrow, Hermit Thrush, Brown Thrasher, Barn Swallow, House Wren, Spotted Sandpiper, Baltimore Oriole, Warbling Vireo, Kingbird. The White-throated Sparrow, in four years, had 16 records in April and 40 in May;_ the total being 56 records. The Hermit Thrush was recorded on 29 days in April and on 75 days in May, with a total of.104 records. The Brown Thrasher shows 53 records for April and 1og for May, with a total of 162 records. The Barn Swallow was seen on 11 days in April and on 44 days in May, totalling 55 records. The House Wren had 9 records in April and 104 in May, with a total of 113 records. The Spotted Sandpiper was recorded on 15 days in April and 104 in May, with a total of 113 records. The Spotted Sandpiper was recorded on 15 days in April and on 89 days in May, totalling 104 records. The Baltimore Oriole was found on 2 days in April and on 117 days in May. The Warbling Vireo had 5 records in April and 130 in May. The Kingbird was seen once in April and 94 times in May.
Among the warblers recorded in April and May or in May alone were: Myrtle Warbler, Yellow Warbler, Yellow Palm Warbler, Redstart, Bay-breasted Warbler, Black-throated Green Warbler, Black and White Warbler, Maryland Yellowthroat, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Black-poll
DISTRIBUTION OF OUR BIRDS IN SPRING 21
Warbler, Tennessee Warbler, Chestnut-sided Warbler, Magnolia Warbler, Sycamore Warbler, Canadian Warbler, Kentucky Warbler Nashville Warbler, Prairie Warbler, Yellow-breasted Chat—in all 20 species.
The Myrtle Warbler was recorded 21 times in April and 41 times in May, totalling 62 records—which was the highest number reached by any of the warblers. The Yellow Warbler had 5 records in April and 53 in May. The Yellow Palm Warbler was found on 9 days in April and on 37 days in May. The Redstart was recorded twice in April and 10 times in May. The Bay-breasted Warbler was seen on 5 days in May. The Black-throated Green Warbler had 13 records for May. The Black and White Warbler was found once in April and 3 times in May. The Maryland Yellowthroat had one record in April and 18 in May; this species was not found in the spring of 1912. Thd Black-throated Blue Warbler was recorded once—in May, 1912. -The Blackburnian Warbler was observed once in May, 1912, and once in May, 1913. The Black- poll Warbler was seen on 8 days in May, 1912, and on 11 days in May, 1913. The Tennessee Warbler had 9 records in May, 1912, and one in May, 1913. The Chestnut-sided Warbler was present on 4 days in May, 1912, and on 14 days in May, 1913. The Magnolia Warbler’s records were: 9 in May, 1912; 4 in May, 1913. The Sycamore Warbler had 6 records in May, 1912. The Canadian Warbler was seen once in May, 1912, and twice in - May, 1913. The Kentucky Warbler was found twice in May, 1912. The Nashville Warbler was recorded on 3 days in May, 1913. The Prairie Warbler and the Yellow-breasted Chat were each recorded once in May, 1913.
Some rare or very rare species were: Canada Geese, Hairy Woodpecker, Herring Gull, Chickadee, Bobolink, Least Flycatcher, Hummingbird, Louisiana Water Thrush, Screech Owl and Fox Sparrow. Canada Geese were recorded 8 times in March; Hairy Woodpecker, 3 times in March; Herring Gull, 6 times in March and once in April. The Chickadee had 6 records in March, 4 in April and 1 in May. This species is an inhabitant of deep woods, which it seldom leaves, except in autumn and early winter. The Bobolink shows 12 records for May. This species usually keeps to outlying meadows. The Least Flycatcher had 15 records in May. The Hummingbird was seen on 3 days in May. The Louisiana Water Thrush had one record in May, 1910; and 17
ee THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST f
in May, 1913. If May is dry, this species may not be recorded. The Screech Owl was heard once in March and 4 times in May. The Fox Sparrow was found on 5 days in April.
A number of species were recorded so rarely that the reader can readily find information about them in the appended records of each species in all the months of spring.
The total number of species that were observed in the four springs, 1910-1913, Was III.
1910 March April May Total Blue Jay 29 30 am 90 Crow 29 25 oh 85 Snowbird 27 23 4 54 Bluebird 28 aT 19 74 Robin 24 30 31 85 Bronzed Grackle 2i5nes 30 i 86 Song Sparrow 2 30 31 88 Meadowlark 24 30 oak 85 White-breasted Nuthatch 3 7 18 28 Loggerhead Shrike 4 fe) 6 10 Canada Geese 4 fe) oO 4 Tree Sparrow 6 fo) fe) 6 Cowbird 9 27 30 66 Flicker a | 23 21 51 Vesper Sparrow 5 24 21 50 Mourning Dove a 19 28 50 Phoebe 3 6 15 24 Hairy Woodpecker 2 fe) fe) 2 Kingfisher I 19 6 26 Killdeer 9 6 5 20 Red-winged Blackbird 12 18 25 55 Herring Gull 2 I fe) a Downy Woodpecker 2 6 I 9 Towhee 2 8 15 25 Prairie Horned Lark 2 xe) fo) 2 Red-shouldered Hawk I fe) oO I Field Sparrow 6 28 29 63 Sapsucker 4 15 4 23 Chipping Sparrow 3 28 31 62 Golden-crowned Kinglet I 7 fe) 8 Hell Diver I fe) fo) I Brown Creeper 2 Oo fe) 2 Goldfinch fe) 10 28 38 Red-headed Woodpecker fe) 10 29 39 Cardinal fe) 3 4 7 , Ruby-crowned Kinglet fe) 8 4 12
DISTRIBUTION OF OUR BIRDS IN SPRING
White-throated Sparrow Hermit Thrush
Tufted Titmouse
Brown Thrasher
Barn Swallow
Sparrow Hawk
House Wren
Spotted Sandpiper Myrtle Warbler
Yellow Warbler Baltimore Oriole Warbling Vireo
Yellow Palm Warbler Kingbird
Redstart
Bay-breasted Warbler Catbird
Purple Martin Rose-breasted Grosbeak Chimney Swift Black-throated Green Warbler Scarlet Tanager ; Chickadee
Crested Flycatcher Orchard Oriole
‘Black and White Warbler Marvland Yellow Throat Alder Flycatcher Dickcissel
Bobolink
Least Flycatcher Red-eved Vireo
Wood Pewee Hummingbrid
Louisiana Water Thrush Indigo Bird
Loon
Blue Jay
Crow
Tree Sparrow White-breasted Nuthatch Screech Owl
Chickadee
Bluebird
March fe)
OO) 0..'O's © Oss
ie)
O30). Os O).0).0 2.8 Oo Oo
OO 50:6) OOO) OF oO
IQII March
25 26
April 5) 10
O O80 20. 6 [ONO Di Oise. No mae
April 29 25
May 14 23
May Total
30 16 fa)
13
84 67
24 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
March April May Total ,
Robin 26 30 30 86 Downy Woodpecker 10 10 7 27 Song Sparrow PA 30 30 81 Meadowlark 16 29 30 75 Bronzed Grackle 21 30 30 81 Killdeer 2 4 4 10 Canada Geese 3 fo) fo) a Red-winged Blackbird 3 Il 20 34 Herring Gull I fo) re) I Red-headed Woodpecker 2 23 30 55 Snowbird 14 24 fo) 38 Field Sparrow 3 24 24 51 Brown Creeper I 3 fo) 4 Golden-crowned Kinglet 2 3 fe) 5 Kingfisher I 8 4 13 Phoebe 3 12 6 21 Mourning Dove 2 20 26 48 Chipping Sparrow I 17 30 48 Winter Wren fe) 4 fe) 4 Cowbird fo) 25 28 53 Red-headed Woodpecker fo) 23 30 53 Flicker Oo 18 15 33 Goldfinch oO 5 25 30 Fox Sparrow fo) I I Towhee fo) II fo) II Purple Finch fe) 6 6 12 Vesper Sparrow fo) 12 19 31 Hermit Thrush fo) 13 5 18 Sapsucker fo) ma I 8 Brown Thrasher fe) r2 23 35 Loggerhead Shrike fo) 2 2 4 Hell Diver fo) I fe) I White-throated Sparrow fo) 3 6 9 Ruby-crowned Kinglet fe) 2 3 5 Redstart fo) I fo) I Barn Swallow fo) 2 6 8 Myrtle Warbler ro) 5 6 II Spotted Sandpiper o 4 24 28 Maryland Yellowthroat Oo I 3 4 Yellow Warbler fo) 4 7 II House Wren fo) 2 28 30 Kingbird fo) I 21 22 Yellow Palm Warbler fo) I 2 3 Warbling Vireo fo) I 26 27 Nighthawk Oo fe) 5 5 Catbird fe) fe) 26 26 Baltimore Oriole fe) fe) 2 27
DISTRIBUTION OF OUR BIRDS IN SPRING
Chimney Swift Cardinal
Purple Martin Orchard ‘Oriole Whip-poor-will Bobolink
Wood Pewee Crested Flycatcher Dickcissel
Scarlet Tanager Red-eyed Vireo Indigo Bird Yellow-billed Cuckoo Alder Flycatcher Cedarbird
Crow
Blue Jay
Tree Sparrow
Robin
White-breasted Nuthatch Downy Woodpecker Snowbird
Hairy Woodpecker Snowflake
Red-poll
Killdeer
Cardinal
Bronzed Grackle Meadowlark Goldfinch
Song Sparrow Bluebird Red-shouldered Hawk Herring Gull Loggerhead Shrike Field Sparrow
Brown Creeper
Fox Sparrow
Towhee
Vesper Sparrow Red-winged Blackbird Mourning Dove Hermit Thrush Cowbird
March re}
ooo Fale (efeitos 2} Yo) (ey fof Xe) fo) te)
1912
March 20
_
Oooo dO OO OO HR HH Ht ND ONO DOH mM me nmO NOU DRA
April fo)
0.0 0>.0' OOO) 6. 6) 16) Oo) 616
April a4 28 10 28
1S)
Ny
iS) Ow~o wmwnNOodoUuuUNsr
mt OD
iS) Nv NAN APN DN N O OW
—
rN) a
May
May
30
Ny of Oood0onodododor#n
® vn nN iS) Of O
26 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
March April May Total
Golden-crowned Kinglet fe) 13 fo) 13 Screech Owl fo) 2 fe) 2 Kingfisher fo) 4 9 13 House Wren fo) fo) 21 21 Flicker fo) 18 19 i Sapsucker fo) 9 fe) 9 Chipping Sparrow fe) 22 an 53 Barn Swallow oO 6 8 14 Brown Thrasher o 12 28 40 Myrtle Warbler fo) 5 8 13 Bobwhite fo) I fe) I Spotted Sandpiper fa) 5 26 31 Red-headed Woodpecker fe) I 28 2 Black and White Warbler fo) I 3 4 Warbling Vireo fe) I 27 28 Ruby-crowned Kinglet fe) oO 2 2 Yellow Palm Warbler fo) fe) 10 10 White-throated Sparrow fa) fe) 10 10 Chimney Swift fe) fo) 26 26 Yellow Warbler oO fe) 12 12 Baltimore Oriole fe) fe) 30 30 Rose-breasted Grosbeak fo) oO 4 4 Indigo Bird fe) fe) II II Catbird fe) fa) 30 30 Orchard Oriole fo) fa) 20 20 Kingbird oO oO 27 27 Black-throated Blue Warbler fa) fe) I I Black-throated Green Warbler oO o 7 7 Redstart fo) fo) 4 4 Bobolink fe) ra) 2 3 Blackburnian Warbler fe) fo) I I Searlet Tanager fe) a) 3 3 Least Flycatcher oO fe) 4 4 Alder Flycatcher fe) fo) 2 2 Crested Flycatcher oO fo) 13 13 Cedarbird Oo Oo 2 2 Yellow-billed Cuckoo Oo re) 5 5 Nighthawk fe) fo) 7 7 Whip-poor-will fe) oO I I White-breasted Nuthatch oO fo) 4 aire Bittern fe) oO 2 2 Black-poll Warbler fe) fe) 8 8 Tennessee Warbler o o 9 9 Red-eyed Vireo fe} fe) 13 13 Red-breasted Nuthatch fo) Oo Dr 2 Chestnut-sided Warbler ‘oO oO 4 4 Magnolia Warbler oO fo) fe) 9
.
DISTRIBUTION OF OUR BIRDS IN SPRING
Wood Pewee
Sycamore Warbler Wood Thrush White-crowned Sparrow Bay-breasted Warbler Canadian Warbler
Blue Jav
Crow
Snowbird
Downy Woodpecker White-breasted Nuthatch Tree Sparrow
Bluebird
Brown Creeper
Song Sparrow Meadowlark
Robin
Killdeer
Red-winged Blackbird Phoebe
Mourning Dove Cowbird
Kingfisher
Northern Shrike Bronzed Grackle
Field Sparrow
Herring Gull
Canada Geese Golden-crowned Kinglet Flicker
Chipping Sparrow Loggerhead Shrike Red-shouldered Hawk Sparrow Hawk Chickadee
Vesper Sparrow
Fox Sparrow
Towhee
Hermit Thrush Sapsucker
Barn Swallow
Myrtle Warbler Spotted Sandpiper Red-headed Woodpecker
March
Oo
fo} afoh Mo) (oye to}
March
II 26
i
Ono Ono (O80) OC: OOo ClO) OO OF tae I ene) oe Dees oso
April
April
24 19 28 17 17
~ = _ None HHP HRN BPO HR H HN
~
May
17
May
25
28 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Warbling Vireo
Brown Thrasher Ruby-crowned Kinglet Resdtart White-throated Sparrow Tennessee Warbler House Wren
Goldfinch
Red-breasted Nuthatch Baltimore Oriole
Yellow Warbler
Yellow Palm Warbler Long-billed Marsh Wren Kentucky Warbler Chimney Swift
Indigo Bird
Catbird
Orchard Oriole Kingbird
Black-throated Green Warbler
Searlet Tanager
Least Flycatcher
Alder Flycatcher Crested Flycatcher Cedarbird
Yellow-billed Cuckoo Black-billed Cuckoo Nighthawk Whip-poor-will Black-poll Warbler Red-eyed Vireo Magnolia Warbler Wood Pewee Bay-breasted Warbler Ruby-crowned Kinglet Blackburnian Warbler Nashville Warbler Red-breasted Nuthatch Acadian Flycatcher Chestnut-sided Warbler Bobolink
Rose-breasted Gorsbeak White-crowned Sparrow Canadian Warbler Black and White Warbler Screéch Owl
Cardinal
March
(eo) He) foymroleta)ane) Clete; <o) Loon (Oey aloo) 2) (cleo) Aehalojo) (ela (o)) (0) Ho) {2} (2) fe) Le,
6-6: 00-02 02020
April
3 16
GEOCOLO OOO. OO! Ob Oo CLO, 0-08 O10), Ovi! 0) O00) (ORO 50) OHO OR OP Ol Orr Ons e100 Fl INN Sa Co ee
to
_~
~
—RhON ASIN WW HH We BF NN PHN HH DOH F
nN nN NH oe
mB OWWWN OO
May
on)
os
—~—
~ Ke krRONNAD NWW HW eewNHNYP DN HH DORK AUF DOWW WN
DISTRIBUTION OF OUR BIRDS he WINTER 29
March April May Total
Swamp Sparrow fo) fo) 3 Q Louisiana Water Thrush oO oO 17 D7 Blue Gray Gnatcatcher fe) oO I I Prairie Warbler oO O I I Yellow Rail O oO a 3 Tree Swallow Oo Oo I I Blue-headed Vireo fe) (e) 5 & Yellow-breasted Chat oO fe) I I Yellow-bellied Flycatcher oO oO I I Hummingbird fe) fe) I I Carolina Wren O 7) I I Maryland Yellowthroat oO oO I I
‘
DISTRIBUTION OF OUR BIRDS IN WINTER.
BY BROTHER ALPHONSUS, C. S. C.
The Blue Jay shows irregularity in its distribution in winter. In the first season an approximate equality in the records of the species is shown for the different months; but in the following winter, notably in January, the number of records fell below those of the same months in the preceding vear. In 1911-12 there was still greater disparity, the species approaching the high records only in December, and falling far below in January and February. That winter was very severe, which may account for the fewer records of the Jay. The following season, though not very cold, showed a still smaller number of records. The total for the four seasons was 220 records.
The Crow shows regularity of distribution in two of the winter months. In the first two seasons there was the greatest equality, there being a difference of only two records. The severe winter of 1911-12 shows 45 records for the Crow, or 19 fewer than in 1909- 10. The winter of 1911-12 did not show a very great increase, the extremely small record for December bringing the total below the average of the first two seasons. The total for the four winters was 222 records, the largest number made for any species.
The White-breasted Nuthatch shows great uniformity in its records for three years. In 1gto-11 the species had its largest record, which was almost double that of any other winter. February was the month that showed the least regularity in its
30 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
records—4, 7, 17, 24 being the numbers for the various seasons. . This Nuthatch, among winter species, ranks third in abundance, having as a total for the four seasons 168 records.
The Snowbird was irregularly distributed, the records obtained showing a marked difference in three winters. In two seasons the species showed regularity as well as scarcity. It is impossible to determine from such inequality in the records whether the species is abundant or not in winter. Future observations may - afford the writer the desired information. For the four seasons the Snowbird had a total of 60 records.
The Downy Woodpecker, from the records obtained, is shown to be somewhat rare in winter. There was uniformity in the bird’s appearance, the average for each year being about 11 records. The four seasons give a total of 47 records.
The Tree Sparrow shows scarcity in its distribution in winter, 7 records being the average number of each year. The species was irregular also, as the difference of 9 days between the largest and smallest number of records shows. Further observations will likely confirm the writer in his opinion that this species is not abundant in winter. The four seasons totalled 28 records.
The appearance of the Robin in the winter of 1911-12 was unprecedented in the writer’s observations. There were 20 records, and most of them were made during the coldest part of the season— from January 17 to February 11. As noted before, in a previous article, this notable event in the bird world was due to the severity of the winter, the birds migrating from the north for food and water.
The Brown Creeper may be placed among the very rare species in winter; for during the four seasons under comparison it did not appear one year, and in two other winters was seen only 5 times. In 1911-12 there were 9 records, making the total for four seasons 14 records.
Among other very rare spceies were: Evening Grosbeak, seen 3 times in one season; Northern Shrike, recorded twice in one winter; Hairy Woodpecker and Song Sparrow observed once in four years; Snowflake and Bluebird, each seen on 5 days in four seasons; Chickadee, found on 5 days in 1912; Goldfinch, observed twice in 1909; Screech Owl, heard 7 times in three seasons; Cardinal and Herring Gull, recorded once in the winter of 1911-12.
.
DISTRIBUTION OF OUR BIRDS IN WINTER
Sparrow Hawk
1909-10
Dec. Jan. eb, Total Blue Jay 22 27 28 We . Crow 19 22 23 64 White-breasted Nuthatch 12 II y 30 Snowbird / II 6 2 19 Downy Woodpecker II 3 I 15 Goldfinch 2 oO oO 2 Tree Sparrow 4 2 2 8 Screech Owl I 2 ) 3 Bluebird oO oO 2 2
1910-11
Dee. Jan. Feb. Total Blue Jay 20 yi 25 62 Crow 19 23 20 62 White-breasted Nuthatch 18 21 24 63 Iivening Grosbeak 2 I re) 3 Tree Sparrow I fe) 4 ig Screech Owl 1 I 6) 2 Hell Diver 5 oO oO is Snowbird a! 5 fe) 8 Snowflake I fo) I 2 Downy Woodpecker I 3 4 8 . Goldfinch oO I oO I Brown Creeper fo) oO I I Bluebird fo) oO 2 2 Chickadee oO fo) 2 2 Robin fa) to) 2 2
IQII—12
Dec. Jan. Feb. Total Blue Jay 22 LO 14 46 Crow 18 11 16 A5 White-breasted Nuthatch 17 15 4 26 Downy Woodpecker 4 4 3 11 Snowbird 6 3 ia) - 9 Tree Sparrow 2 I 9 12 Robin I II 8 20 Brown Creeper 8 oO I 9 Screech Owl 2 oO oO 2 Song Sparrow I oO fo) I Cardinal I fe) fa) I Snowflake rs) 1 oO I oO oO I I
ae THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
° 1912-13 nS Dec. Jan. Feb Total Blue Jay 10 er 9 35 Crow 7 2 20 51 Song Sparrow I oO fe) I Chickadee 5 oO fo) 5 Snowbird 12 10 12 34 Downy Woodpecker 4 6 zg 13 Brown Creeper 2 fe) I g Northern Shrike I fo) I 2 White-breasted Nuthatch re) V2 17 39 Hairy Woodpecker fe) I fe) I Tree Sparrow oO 2 I 3 Herring Gull fe) I fo) I Snowflake o o 3 3 Bluebird fe) fo) I I
Total number of species seen in four winters, 23.
NOTES ON OUR LOCAL PLANTS.—X.
BY J. A. NIEUWLAND.
Family 76. SILIQUOSAE Linn., Phil. Bot., 34 (1751).
Also Ray, Meth. PI., 119 (1681), Morison, Caesalpinus, in part. Cruciferae B. Jussieu, Hort. Trianon, (1759), A. Jussieu, Gen. 67 (1789), DeCandolle, Syst. 11, 139 (1821), Prod. I, 131 (1824). Cruciformes Pontedera. ;
EROPHILA DC. .Prod..1,.172 (2824), Syst. IT, 356 Geseun
Draba Linn. Syst. (1735), Gen. 194 (1737), 294 (1754). Draba Dillenius, Gen. 122 (1719) in part. Gansblum Brunfels, Herb. Viv. Ic. (1531) also Adanson Fam. des Plantes, II, 420 (1763). (Name not Latin).
Erophila verna (Linn.) E. Mey., Gartenfl. Deutsch. ed. 4, 35.
Erophila vulgaris DC. Syst. 1. c., Draba verna Linn., Sp. PL, 642 (1753). Common everywhere very early in spring.
TOMOSTIMA Raf., Neogenyton, 2, (1825).
Drabella Bubani Fl. Pyr., III, 197 (1901), in part, Draba Linn. |. c. in part. Not Draba Dioscorides which is Lepidium Draba Linn.
Tomostima caroliniana (Walt.)
NOTES ON OUR LOCAL PLANTS 33
Draba caroliniana Walt. Fl. Car., 174 (1788), Draba hispidula Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. II, 28 (1803).
Lake Co. (Hill). 1973 Notre Dame (Powers), 1972 Notre Dame. Common.
ABDRA Greene, Pittonia, IV, 205 (1900).
Mraba; Linn., 1c.) in part:
Abdra brachycarpa (Nutt.) Greene, 1. c.
Draba brachycarpa Nuttall, T. and G., Fl. N. Am. I, 108 (1838).
Lake Co. (Hill). Found also in Laporte, Berrien and St. Joseph Co.
ADYSETON Adanson, Fam. des Plantes, II, 420 (1663). Also Adysetum Med., Gen. Pl., 73, t. 1, f. 16. Scop., Fl. Car., 13 (1772), Moench, Meth. Pl., 266 (1794) Alyssum Linn.. Sp. Pl., 650 (1753), not Alyssum Dioscorides which is a species of Farsetia. Alyssum Galen is Marrubium, Alyssum Pliny is Rubia erratica.
Adyseton alyssoides (Linn.)
Adyseton calycinum (Linn.) Scop., Fl. Car., ed. 2, II, 802 (1772), Alyssum calycinum Linn., Sp. Pl., II, 908 (1763), Alyssum alyssoides Jinn. Syst. 1. c. ed. 1130 (1759), Clypeola alyssoides ma Sp. Pl., 652 (1753).
9207, 9112, 9261, Webster’s North of Notre Dame.
LOBULARIA- Desv., Jr: Bot., III, 172( 1813).
Konig Adanson Fam. Fl. II, 420 (1763) not a Latin name. Koniga R. Brown, App. Denh. Clapp. Narr. Exp. Afr. 214 (1826).
Lobularia maritima (Linn.) Desv. 1. c. 169.
Clypeola maritima Linn., Sp. Pl., 652 (1753), Alyssum maritt- mum 1,am., Encyc., I, 98 (1783), Koniga maritima m. Br. 1. c.
THLASPI Dioscorides, 2, 147 (Ruellius’ ed.) 189 (1547). Thlaspi Linn., Syst. (1735), Gen. 193 (1737), 292 (1754), Type
of Thlaspi Linn. Sp. Pl., 647 (1753) Bursa Pastoris Tour., Els.,
46 (1694) I. R. H., 185 (1700), Bursa Pastoris Bauhin, C., Pinax, 108 (1623), also CAPSELLA C. Bauhin, 1. c. Capsella Med., Pfl. Gatt., I, 85 (1792), Bursa Heucher, Ind. Pl. Hort. Med., Acad. Wat, 34°(1711) Siegs. Pr. Fl. Petrop., 22 (1736) Guet., II, 158., Thlaspi Ray, I, 838. Thlaspi Gesner, Hort., 284 (1561). Bursa Trew, Herb. Blackw., Cent. I, t. 5 (1757), Ludwig-Boehmer, Def.
Gen. Pl., 225 (1760), Marsupicarpus Necker, El. III, 91 (1790).
Thlaspi fatuum Gesner, Hort. Germ., (1561) also Ray, 1. c. Thlaspi Bursapastoris Hill, Veg. Syst. (1773), Thlaspi Bursa pastoris Linn., Sp. Pl., 647 (1753). Bursa pastoris Weber, Wigg.,
ie.
34 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Prim. Fl. Holsat., 47 (1780), Capsella pastoralis Dulac FI. Pyr., 189 (1867), Rodschiedia Bursa pastoris Gaertner, Mey. and Scherb., Fl. Wet., II, 413 (1800). (For other synonyms see Am. Mid. Nat., LES ray.
531 South Bend, Ind.; 1197 Notre Dame, Ind. Common everywhere. Lake Maxinkuckee (H. W. Clarke).
CARDAMINE Dioscorides II : 120.
Nasturtium R. Brown, Ait. Nort. Kew., ed. 2, 109 (1812) in part. Nasturtium Pliny 20 :13, Varro III :9, Pall., Jan. 14, is Lepidium sativum Linn. (?).
Radicula Dillenius, Pl. Giss., 80 (1718) also J. Bauhin, Hist. IT, 866, J. Hill, Br. Herb., 265 (1756), Roripa Scopoli, Fl. Car., 520 (1760), Sisymbrium Dioscorides (Doubtful, thought to be a mint by some) Cardaminum Moench Meth, 262 (1794). Also Ruellius Sisymbrium Linn., Syst., Gen., 199 (1737), 296 (1754) also Tour., Els., 192 (1694), I. R. H., 215 (1700). Vella Galen, Cressd Fricius Cordus.
Cardamine aquatica (Hill).
Sisymbrium Nasturtium aquaticum Linn., Sp. Pl., 657 (1753), Sisymbrium aquaticuim ‘Tour., 1. c. Nasturtium aquaticum Hill, 1755, also Sisymbrinm vulgare Br. Herbal, 245 (1756). Nasturtium officinale R. Br.,, Ait.. Hort. Kew., ed. 2, IV, 110 (1812). For other synonyms see Am. Mid. Nat., I], 112. Sisvmbrium aquaticum Matthli, Caesalpinus, Castor Durante, T'abernaemontanus also Tour., Els, 192 (1694) I. R. H.; 226° (1700).
South Haven (1. H. Bailey), Laporte Co., (Deam) St. Joseph Co., Ind., Rothert, ake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), 569113, 2018, 3523, Notre Dame (Powers) 10433, 11189 Notre Dame, 10481 Bertrand, Berrien Co., Mich. Very common and abundant. Not cultivated as in the East, for table use. I have seen it in all the counties.
Rortpa Scopoli Fl. Car., 520 (1760).
Radicula Dodonaeus Pempt., 666 (1583) = Raphanus. Radicula Dillenius Cat., Pl. Giss., 80 (1718) in part, Hill, Br. Herbal 265 (1756). Nasturtium R. Br. 1. c. in part.
Roripa palustris Bess., Enum., 27 (1821). |
Radicula palustris (Linn.) Moench, Meth., 263 (1794) Sisym- brium amphibium var. palustre Linn.; Sp. Pl. 657 (1753), Nastur- tuum terestre R. Br. 1. c., Nasturtium palustre DC., Syst., II, ror (1821).
/
NOTHS ON OUR LOCAL PLANTS 35
Lake Maxinkuckee (H. W. Clarke), 11310 South Bend, Ind., on the Grand ‘Trunk R. R. towards Crumstown, Common in muck ground in the region,
Roripa hispida Britton Mem. ‘Tor, Bot, Cl., V. 169 (1894).
Radicula hispida (Desv.) Britton ‘Torreya, VI, 32 (1908). Brachylobus hispidus Desy., Jour. Bot. III, 183 (1814), Nasturtium hispidum DC., 1. ¢. 201, Nasturtium palustre var. hispidum A. Gray, Man., ed. 2, 30 (1856).
Lake Co., (Deam).
ARMORACIA Pliny XIX:5.
Also Columella, Lacuna, Armoracia Heucher, 13 Weinm., 79, t. 170, fig. a, also Rivinus, Ruppius Fl. Jen., 67 (1726), 87 (r745), Cochiearsa Tour.; Els., 183 (1694). I. R. H., 215 (1700) in part also Linn., in part. Armoracia Gaertn, Meyer and Schred. Fl. Wett., II, 426 (1800).
Armoracia Rivini Ruppius I. c.
Armoracia rusticana Gaertn, |. ¢., Raphanus rusticanus Cam- erarius, Gerard C. Bauhin Stapelius, Ray, Plukenett, Morison, Raphanus rusticus Camerarius Kaphanus major Brunfels, Tragus, Gesner,
Kscaped extensively and notably at Lakeville,
NEOBECKIA Greene, Pittonia, III, 95 (1896).
Neobeckia aquatica (Iaton) Greene, 1. ¢.
Cochlearia aquatica Haton Man., ed. 5, 181 (1829), Nasturi tium natans var, americana A, Gray Ann. Lye. N. U. III, 223 (1836), Nasturtium lacustre A, Gray Gen. III., I, 132 (1448), Roripa americana Britton, Mem, ‘Torr. Bot. Cl., V, 169, (1894). Radicula aquatica Robinson Rhodora X, 32 (1909).
ADYSETON Adanson Fam, des Pl., 420 (1763).
Adyseton Scopoli Fl. Car, 13, (1772), Medik., Gen. Pl., 73, t. 1, f. 116, Moench, Meth., 266 (1794). Allyssum Linn., Tour, not Allyssum Dioscorides = Farsetia sp. nor Alyssum Galen = Marrubium nor Alyssum Pliny = Rubia erratica.
Adyssetum allyssoides (Linn.)
Allyssum allyssoides Linn. Syst., Hd. 10, 1130 (1759), Clypeola alyssoides, Alyssum calycinum Linn., Sp. Pl., 908 (1763).
9207, 9090, 9261, Webster’s N. of Notre Dame. Found also at Notre Dame in dry uncultivated fields,
LOBULARIA Desv., Jr. Bot., 172 (1813).
Koniga R. Br., Denh, and Clapp. Narr. Exp. Afr., 214 (1826),
36 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Konig Adanson, Fam. des Pl., 11420 (1763) not a latin name.
Lobularia maritima (Linn.) Desv. 1. ¢c. 169.
Clypeola maritima Tinn. Sp. Pl., 652 (1753), Alyssum mariti- mum Lam. Encye. I, 98 (1783), Koniga maritima R. Br. 1. c.
Escaped from gardens and sometimes persisting a while.
LEPIDIUM Dioscorides, I1:166, Pliny, XX:17.
Draba Dioscorides = Lepidium Draba. Cardamon Dioscorides = Lepidium sativum, Piperitis Brunfels, Lonicer, Dodonaeus, French ed. (1557). Lepidium Tour., Els., 184 (1694), I. R. H., 215 (1700), Lepidium Linn. Syst. (1735) Gen. 192 (1737), 291 (1754), also Lepidium Anguillara, Matthioli, Caesalpinus, Gesner, ‘aber- naemontanus, Lacuna, Dodonaeus, Lobelius, Gerard, Fuchs, Tragus, Cameratius, ete.
Lepidium virginicum Linn., Sp. Pl., 645 (1753).
Lake Maxinkuckee (H. W. Clarke), 3567, 3569 Notre Dame (Powers) 2050, 3721 Notre Dame. Common everywhere.
Lepidium densiflorum Schrader, Ind. Sem. Gott., 4 (1835).
Lepidium intermedium A. Gray, Man. ed. 2, (1856).
9650, Oliver’s, St. Joseph Co., 10633 Notre Dame.
Lepidium campestre R. Br., Ait., Hort. Kew., ed. 2, IV, 88 (1812).
456 M. C. R. R., near Notre Dame, 6217 (Tidestrom) Notre Dame 10542, 9137 South Bend.
CAMELINA Ruellius, Nat. Stirp., 326 (1543).
Camelina Crantz Stirp. Aust., I, 18, (1762), Dorella Caesal- pinus, De Plant. 367 (1583), Linostrophon Schrank, Fl. Prim. Salisb. 163 (1792). Myagrum Diosc?
Camelina sativa Schrank, 1. c.
Myagrum sativum Linn., Sp. Pl., 641 (1753), Linostrophon sativum Schrank 1. c. Porella oleifera Bubani, Fl. Pyr., III, 252 (1901).
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke).
SOPHIA Brunfels, Hist., 3, 170 (1543) Lobelius, Icon., 738 (1581).
Also Ray, Hist., I, 812, (1686), Sophia Dodonaeus, Pempt., 133 (1583), Weinm., Phyt., t. 941, a. (1737) Heist., Ind., 130. Zannich., 252, Ic. 350. Haller, Accipitrina Rivinus, Lonicer, Ruppius, Fl. Jen., 64 (1726), 81 (1745), Seriphium Fuchs, J. Bauhin, Tragus, Chabraeus etc. Descurea Guettaro, Obs., 2, op. 164. Stamp., 2, 164 (1747), Descurantia Webb., and Barth., Phyt.
_ ae mr ey j
NOTES ON OUR LOCAL PLANTS 37
Can., I, 71 (1836) Sophia Trew, Herb. Blackw., t. 440 (1755) also Adanson, Fam. des Pl., II, 417 (1763) Sisymbrium ‘Tour. I. R. H., 226 (1700), 192 (1694), Linn. Syst., (3735) Gen. 199 (1737) 296 (1754).
Sophia pinnata (Walt.) Howell, Fl. N. W. Am., I, 56 (1897).
Erysiumm pinnatum Walter, Fl. Car., 174 (1788), Sisymbrium canescens Nutt., Gen., II, 68 (1818), Descurainia pinnata Britton, Mem. Jorr. Bot. Cl., V, 173 (1894.
Millers (Higdon and Raddin), Hegewisch, Ind. (Hill), 3525 Notre Dame (Powers) 2068, 2069 St. Mary’s, Notre Dame. Found also in a number of other places in this country.
NORTA Adanson, Fam. des Pl., II, 417 (1763).
Norta altissima (Linn.) Britton, Ill. Fl., 2 ed., II, (1913).
Sisymbrium altissimum Linn., Sp. Pl., 659 (1753).
11094, 11248 Notre Dame, Ind., 2680a, 2680b Galien, Mich., Berrien Co., Millers (Umbach).
CHEIRINIA Vink, Enum. Hort. Berol., II, 170 (1820).
Cheirinia cheiranthoides (Linn.) Link, 1. c.
' Erysimum cheiranthoides Linn., Sp. Pl, 661 (1763).
11311, Grand Trunk w. w. west of South Bend, Ind.
ERYSIMUM Dioscorides, II :187, also Pliny, Hist. Nat.
Not Erysimum* Theophrastus = Polygonum Fagopyrum Linn. Sisymbrium of modern works, not Sisymbrium of the ancients, and Dioscorides which is a mint, probably Mentha arvensis Linn.
Chamaeplium Spach, ex Wallr., Sched. Crit. I, 176 (1827), Phrye Bubani, F1. Pyr., III. 171 (1901). Erysimum Vinn., Syst. (1735), Gen. 198 (1737), 296 (1754) Tour. Els. 194 (1694), I. R. H. 228 (1700). also Gesner, Dodonaeus, Gerard, Thalius. Tragus, Morison, Boerhaave, etc. /rio Dodonaeus, Hist. ed. Gall. 438
(1557).
*Bubani does not think that the Erysimum of Dioscorides is indubitably the Erysimum officinale of Linnaeus (FL Pyr. III, 179). Fraas in his Flora Classica to another species of the genus refers the Dioscorean name. Sibthorp (Fl. Graec) refers the Erysimum in question to Sisymbrium polycerahum Linn. The consensus of the older pre-Linnaean is so general that even Bubani admits that the plant of Dioscorides is probably E. officinale Linn. though he himself changed the name to Phryne not wishing to accept only probable ancient names. We do not see sufficient reason for any other view and have retained Erysimum though there was another Theophrastan one. Our reasons for this were explained in the introduction to these notes.
38 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Erysimum vulgare Bauhin, Pinax, 100 (1623).
Erysimum vulgare Morison, Hist. II, 218, Boerhaave, Lg d., II, 14. Tour., l. c. Erysimum officinale Linn., Sp. Pl., 660 (1753), Sisymbrium officinale Scop. Fl. Car., ed. 2, II, 26 (1772), Klukia officinalis Andrz. ex DC. Syst., II, 460 (1821). Erysimum vulga- tum C. Bauhin, Phytopinax, 152 (1596).
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke). A common weed seen through- out the whole region.
HESPERIS Pliny, XXI:7.
Hesperis Clusius, Camerarius, C. Bauhin, Pinax, 202 (1623). Tour. Els: 190 (1694)'I.. R.-H., 222 (1706), Linn., Syst.,r7aqne Gen. 195 (1737), 297 (1754). Detlosma Andrz., DC., Syst., I, 448 (1813), Antontana Bubani, 1. c. 170.
Hesperis hortensis C. Bauhin, Pinax, 202, (1623) also Phyto- pinax 379 (1596).
Hesperis hortensis Tour., 1. c. Morison, Ray, Magnol. etc. Hesperis vulgaris Parkinson, Parad., 163 (1629), Deilosma inodora Andrz., 1. c. Hesperis euganea Marsil., ex Ten. Prod. Fl. Nap. p. 39. Hesperis matronalis Linn., Sp. Pl., 663 (1753). Hesperis matronalis Chabraeus, Sciag., 280 (1677) and Index.
11122, Notre Dame, Ind. Escaped along the banks of the St. Joseph River from the St. Mary’s Academy Gardens. The white flowered variety as also the common purple flowered plant is found in great abundance in the low land south of Buchanon, Mich. (Berrien Co.) ;
Arabidopsis (DC) Schur., Enum. Pl. Trans., 55 (1866).
Pilosella Thalius, Fl. Herc., 84 (1588) not Pilosella of the older authors Dodonaeus etc., nor Pilosella Thalius, 1. c. 83 (1588), Stenophragma Celak., Flora. IV., 438 (1872).
Arabidopsis thaliana (Linn.) Schur 1. c.
Arabis thaliana? Linn., Sp. PL, (1753), Stsymbrium thalianum
2Tt is incorrect to write the second name thaliana with a capital letter. Linnaeus used such capital letters for the trivial names of old genera reduced by him form their original standing. Thus, e. g. Erysimum Barbarea meaning the Erysimum that formerly constituted the genus Barbarea. There is no record of any application of a genus Thaliana. Moreover even Linnaeus does not write the name Arabis Thaliana as the manual makers would have us believe but Arabis thaliana Linn. Sp. Pl., l. c. It is there- fore, a falsehood to attribute the name to him, but such things are frequently done and often with questionable motives. (See Am. Mid. Nat., II., 97) (Britton and Brown Flora III., II., 197 [1913]). The plant was so named in honor of Thalius who first described it. (1. c.)
NOTES ON OUR LOCAL PLANTS 39
Gray, Ann. Sci. Nat., VII, 399 (1826), Stenophragma thaliana (?) Celakowski, Oester, Bot. Zeitsch., XXVII, 177 (1877) Pilosella stliquata Thalius, 1. c. also Camerarius. Pilosella siliquosa Chab., Seiaehe 277, 0. A (re77).
Gl14y9b29, 11076, 1175, 11757, 11023, (2530,) 2545) .NOthe Dame, Ind., 3520, 2049 Notre Dame, (Powers).
_ BARBAREA Dodonaeus, Pempt., 5:4:20 (1583) also Lobelius Obs., 104 (1576).
Barbarea R. Br., Ait. Hort. Kew., 2 ed. 4, 109 (1812). Reduced by Linnaeus to Erysimum (Herba S. Barbarae Lon., Cast. Fuchs, Gesner) Scopa regia Fuchs, Ang.
Barbarea vulgaris R. Br., 1. c.
South Haven, Berrien Co. (Bailey), 27, Bertrand, Mich. 2198 Notre Dame.
Barbarea stricta Andrz. Bess., Enum. Pl. Volh., 72 (1821).
Barbarea vulgaris var. stricta A. Gray, Man. ed. 2, 35 (1856)
Notre Dame, Ind.
TURRITIS Wobelius, Icones, (1591) also Dillenius, Gen., 120 (1719) Linn. Syst. (1735) Arabidium Spach. Hist. Nat. Veg. VI, 436 (1836). Turritis and Arabis Linn., Gen. 198 (1737), 298 (1754). Arabis Linn., Sp. Pl., 664 and#/urritis Linn., 1. c. 666 (1753), lurrita and Turritis Bubani, |. c., 152. The Arabis of the pre-Dillenian and pre-Linnaean writers, and the first to use the name e. g. Matthioli and Anguillara, was Lepidium Draba Linn
Turritis spathulata (Michx.)
Arabis lyrata Linn., Sp. Pl., 665 (1753), not Turritis lyrata Raf., Am. Month. Mag. II, 44 (1817),=Arabis canadensis Linn.
Laporte Co. (Barnes) (Deam), Lake Co. (Barnes ,Deam and Hill), South Haven (Bailey) 443, 20401, Notre Dame, Ind.
Turritis hirsuta Linn., Sp. Pl., 666 (1753).
Arabis hirsuta (I.inn.) Scop., Fl. Car., ed. 2, II, 30 (1772).
9233, 2792, Notre Dame, 2027, 2010 Notre Dame (Powers).
Turritis laevigata Muhl., ex Willd., Sp. Pl., III, 543 (1800).
Arabis laevigata Poir., lam. encyc., Suppl., I, 411 (1810).
405, 2526, 2551, 1839, Notre Dame, 2028 Notre Dame (Powers) Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke).
Turritis canadensis (Linn.)
Arabis canadensis Linn., Sp. Pl., 665 (1753).
Lake Co. (Hill), Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke). 2029 Notre Dame (Powers), 11360 Notre Dame, Ind.
40 THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
Turritis stricta Graham, Edinb. New Phil. Jr., 350 (1829).
Arabis DrummonditA. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., VI., 187 (1866). ~
9253, 11069 Notre Dame, Ind.
Turritis brachycarpa ‘T. and G., Fl. N. Am. I, 79 (1838).
Arabis brachycarpa (T. and G. )Britton, Mem. Torr. Bot Cis 1V.. 274 (2804).
405 Notre Dame, Ind.
DRACAMINE Nwad., Nom. Nov.
Cardamine Clusius, Haller, Lobellius, Gerard, Linnaeus, Syst (1735), Gen., 196 (1737), 295 (1754), Tour., Els., 191 (1694), I. R. H., 224 (1700), not Cardamine Dioscorides, which is Sisym- brium Nasturtium aquaticum Tinn. Ghinia Bubani |. c. 158, not Ghinia Schreb., Gen. 19 (1789).
Dracamine pennsylvanica (Muhl.)
Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl., Willd., Sp. Pl., III, 486 (1800).
2001, 2002, Notre Dame (Powers), Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), 483, Edwardsburg, Mich., 525 South Bend, Ind., g111 Websters N. of Notre Dame. Van Buren Co. Mich. (Pepoon).
Dracamine pratensis (Linn.)
Cardamine pratensis Linn., 1. c. 656 (1753), Ghinia pratensis baal en 263:
Lake Co. (Hill), Millers (Bastin and Hill), Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke).
Dracamine purpurea (Torr.)
Cardamine purpurea (Torr.) Britton in Britton and Brown, Ill. Fl., II, 139, (1897), Arabis rhomboidea var. purpurea Torr., Am. Jr. Sc., IV., 66 (1822), Arabis Douglassit Torr., T. and G., Fl. N. Am., I, 83 (1839), Cardamine Douglassii Britton, Trans. Neo: Acad., Se TX) 8 “(r88o9):
Laporte Co. (Deam), St. Joseph Co. (Rothert), 2010 Notre Dame (Powers), 1999, 1836, 11105, 11161, Notre Dame, 9382, 9218 Benton Harbor, Mich.
Dracamine bulbosa (Schred.)
Cardamine bulbosa Schreber, Muhl. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. III, 174 (1793), Cardmine rhomboidea DC., Syst. Veg., II, 246 (1821).
Clarke, Ind., Lake Co., (Umbach), Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke),. Very common and abundanr throughout the region as is the preceding plant.
(To be continued. )
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PLATE III. VOGT on POLYGONATUM COMMUTATUM.
oo. O:
wit, MIDLAND NATURALIST ©
Devoted to Natural History, Primarily that of the Prairie States ¥.
Published by the University of Notre he JU N 14 Notre Dame, Indiana ' We Wie
J, A. NIEUWLAND, C.S.C,, Ph.'D., Sc. D., Editor
stay z
CONTENTS
The Naiades af Missouri ; William T, Utterback.- 41 Notes on Our Local Plants.—-XI._ Jc A. Nieuwland 53 Quamoclit Sloteri | J. A. Nieuwland.. 71 Crocion Achlydophyllum (Greeae) RU Rabemigrck oid
Critical Notes on New and Old Genera of Plants.—V. ye A, N iietgnd 89
Proper Publication. 95
a ®
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. pe, Entered as second-class matter December 15; 1909, at the post Office at % 7 r ; Notre Dame, Indiana, under the Act of March 3,' 1879
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of copies of Tue AMERICAN MipLanp NaTuRALIST in
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UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME STUDIES . 4 ‘is | Vol. I. No.1. HISTORICAL SERIES |
Universities and higher educational Institutions - and societiés that now exchange with Tar AMERICAN Mibianb NatTuRAList may obtain the above and subse- i quent numbers of the various series of research papers, :
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to be published by the University ‘of Notre Dame, on making special application to the editor of TH AMERICAN MIDLAND NaTuRALIst or. the University Librarian.
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The American Midland Naturalist
PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY BY THE UNIVERSITY ' OF NOTRE DAME, NOTRE. DAME, INDIANA.
VOL. IV. MAY, 1915. NO. 3.
THE NAIADES OF MISSOURI.
nsenian Insane
Sat
JUN 14 1920
4
\
BY WILLIAM I. UTTERBACK.
(Plates i—xxvii1.) New Series.
on a uy 2 2 Ona! Mu Introduction. :
After some years of intensive studies in the field, library and laboratory an attempt is made to give a catalogued account of the Nazades, or Fresh-water Mussels, of Missouri. Most of the data for this descriptive and illustrated catalogue have been collected through extensive, personal surveys of the most import- tant streams and lakes of the State and now the typical anato- mical and shell material frem the different localities are pre- served in the writer’s laboratory. No literature of any conse- quence, dealing with the Nazades of Missouri, had been produced until the author of this paper made a preliminary report on ‘The Mussel Resources of Missouri.’ ‘This was, however, a government report, published for economic purposes, the detailed account of the scientific observations of which will not appear until a later date.
The plan of classification, based on anatomical structures, notably those of marsupial characters, has been carefully followed in this work. The many changes in the nomenclature of this catalogue from that of the Simpsonian system are due especially to the recognition of Lindahl’s orthographic modification and of the wise scheme of taxonomy for the Nazades begun by Sterki (1906) and well consummated by Ortmann (1912); and also to the acceptance of Rafinesque’s priority as recently revived by Mr. Frierson and ‘accepted by Dr. Ortmann. The writer believes that the ultimate taxonomic system will be based far more upon the anatomical structure of juvenile and adult than upon their shell characters from the fact that the soft parts are more constant
42 NAIADES OF MISSOURI
morphologically and less liable to parallelism and convergence. We should not, however, lose cognizance of the importance con- cerning shell characters. External factors may so shape the shell, as to individualize it, but, under normal conditions, do not often, destroy all traces of indentification with some group. Since validity is so dependent upon the examination of both hard and soft structures of large series of individuals, it is felt that the species, as recorded for their extensive and intensive studies herein, are fairly well settled within their genera. Fortunately extensive field work has made this intensive study possible. On one occasion the rare opportunity was given the author to make a mussel survey of three hundred miles down the Osage River in a row boat and ample time was given to the study of one of the richest faunae of Missouri. Two papers, ‘“‘ Mussel Studies Afield’’. for the years 1913 and 1914, are now in MS. recorded matter of which is submitted herewith. ‘The ecologic facts secured in these field surveys are especially interesting. For example, in the long trip down the Osage, the largest tributary of the Missouri in the interior of this state, it was found that the flat or compressed forms found at the headwaters, where the water is shallower and swifter, become more swollen and heavier shells further down stream where the water is deeper and more sluggish. The most valuable data gathered from these field excursions are the ecologic as illustrated in Plates x—xiv. Much physiologic and mor- phologic information, however, has been obtained from these immediate studies in nature that could not be secured otherwise, since actual observation have been made of the animal carrying on the nutritive and reproductive functions there as well as observed through aquarium studies (See Plate ix). More accurate idea of the morphology (especially of soft. parts as to color, form, etc.) is obtained while the specimens are fresh and uncontracted as examined afield.
While this catalogued account is rather synoptical as to the text of its animal and shell characters, yet it has been the effort to be more complete than those literary works of somewhat similar character that have devoted more space to the structures of the shell; hence, much description will be found to be completely given for the first time, notably those of M. heros (Say), QO. quadrula (Raf.) P. Utterbackit Frierson, R. tuberculata (Raf.), U. tetralasma (Say), Las. suborbiculata (Say), Prop. capax (Green),
‘9 Bel q : ag oF ts
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 43
Eur. (M.) brevicula (Call), T. Curtisit Frierson and Utterback, and 7. Lefevret Utterback. Aside from the morphological synopsis of the nutritive and reproductive parts and also of the external and internal features of the shell the physiological and ecological facts are especially dwelt upon in the miscellaneous remarks. Because of the value of beak sculpture and glochidial characters as bases for classification a special feature is respectively made of the studies of juveniles and glochidia. I,ikewise, for classi- ficatory reasons, a Breeding Record has been kept for the most representative generic types, and, in many instances, more complete records have been made by other observers due to more detailed observations during the winter season. This Record and also the Zodgeographic account of the Missouri Natades have been carefully kept in tabulated form, but, as these accounts have been reserved thus for other special papers, they will only appear here in extracts.
In this catalogue eighty species and twenty stbspecies are listed. Doubtless this list will be supplemented, although the author has worked the State rather thoroughly in actual field investigations—especially Central and Northwest Missouri— and has examined all species catalogued except the following which have been reported by Missouri collectors:—An. Bealit (ea). Cy. Aberti lamarckiana (I,ea), Pleu. plenum (Lea), Lamp. reeviana (Lea) and Lamp. Powellit (lea). According to a report from the material sent away for identification, this State can claim another species not yet on the list,—a new and undescribed Lampsilis, near to Lamp. biangulata (Lea), and will soon appear under the authorship of Mr. Frierson.
The author wishes to express his thanks to those who have assisted him in this work. Especially is he thankful to Dr. George Lefevre who assigned and directed this work and rendered it possible through his numerous kindnesses and_ suggestions. Much credit should also be given Dr. W.C. Curtis, the co-worker with Dr. Lefevre, in the University of Missouri, Department of Zodlogy, where the author gathered much of his data through the facilities of the laboratory, library and museum. Besides the invaluable instructions received from these two gentlemen, who have contributed so much to the Science of Fresh-water Mussels, it was the author’s pleasure to receive many valuable hints in person from Dr. R. E. Scammon, author of ‘“‘ Kansas
44 NAIADES OF MISSOURI
Unionidae.’ For other personal help while attending the Uni- versity thankful acknowledgements are due to Dr. R. L. Moodie, Messers. G. T. Kline and F. A. Simpson. Under the illustra- tions of the new species (Plates v and vi) credit is given Mr. Kline, the University Artist-technician, for his excellent draw- ings. Through the kindness of Mr. Sampson, author of the ‘Mollusca of Missouri’? (Exclusive of the Unionidae), permis- sion has been given to examine his, collections of mussel shells and make use of his list for same in determining geographic distribution and in confirming the reports of other Missouri collectors. Mr. B. F. Bush, a well-known scientist, and resident of Courtney, Mo., has rendered invaluable aid in sending for study immense collections taken mostly from the Ozark region where the author has not been permitted to carry on such exhaus- tive field studies as in the northern part of the State. Material from Missouri, contributed to the author’s collection by Messrs. C. C. Crouch of LaGrange, E. J. Palmer of Webb City and D. K. Gregor of Fulton, has been thankfully acknowledged. The writer is deeply indebted to old collectors and authors, who were former residents of this State, viz:— Messrs. C. T. Simpson, W. A. Marsh, Elwood Pleas and Dr. John H. Britts; also to those students of Navades for the nearest surrounding States viz:—Dr. F. C. Baker of Illinois, Rev. W. E. Wheeler of Arkansas, Dr. D. H. Wolcott of Nebraska, Dr. Junius Henderson of Colorado, Prof. F. B. Isely of Oklahoma and Drs. R. E. Coker, Thaddeus Surber, A. D. Howard, Prof. H. Walton Clark of Iowa. The last four named students are of the personel of the U. S. Fisheries Biological Labora- tory, located along the Mississippi at Fairport, Iowa, where the author has done some study and has had pleasant personal contact with these gentlemen who have contributed so much to the science of Fresh-water Mussels. Besides being under obligations to the above-named for their literary and conchological exchanges, as well as for their valued correspondence and actual personal assist- ance, special mention would also be made of Drs. A. E. Ortmann, V. Sterki, C. B. Wilson, W. H. Dall, Harold Hannibal and Messrs. B. H. Wright, Bryant Walker and L. S. Frierson. The author is most grateful to Dr. Ortmann as an authority concerning the soft parts, to Mr. Walker for his treatment of the shell parts and to Mr. Frierson for his general knowledge of Natades as well as for his special information concerning the Southwest forms. Through
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND .NATURALIST 45
very pleasant and extensive correspondence with these last three named gentlemen many problems have been solved and all novel- ties and changes have passed through their censorship.
In order to elucidate the refetences in the text made to the physiography and geography an excerpt of the geographic distri- bution and also a tabulated Account of the Mussel Faunae of Missouri are given here, although, when it is possible to secure the desired data, it is the intention of the author to give a detailed account of the zoogeography of the Naiates of Missouri and atljacent territory in relation to the restoration of the ancient geographic condi- tions of Central Mississippi Valley.
In this connection the hydrography of the State may also be given for the sake of clearness in the use of the text. The drainage to the Mississippi is mostly through the Missouri River which flows entirely across the State just above the central line, and, because of the loess soil held in suspension, together with its shifting sand bars and mud beds, it forms ‘a great faunal barrier.”’ Hence we may account for such a distinct mussel fauna north of the Missouri (known as “Old Muddy’’) from that south of it. The depauperization of mussel life is remarkable as noted in this river, together with that of the Mississippi from the mouth of the Missouri to a point below the southern boundary line of the State. The chief river basins of North Missouri belonging directly to this faunal barrier are the Chariton, the Grand, the Platte, the Nodaway and other minor ones of the Northwest. A chain of lakes, formed by the changing of the Missouri River channel into ‘“‘ox-bow cut-offs,” are found mostly in the north- western part of the State along the Missouri in its eastern and northern flood-plains. The largest river basins draining into the Missouri River from the south are the Osage, Gasconade and Black-water. The most important one which drains directly into the Mississippi from this State is the Meramec. The chief basins found on the south slope of the Ozarks are the White, Black and St. Francis Rivers which are drained into the Mississippi through Arkansas. South-west Missouri drains into the Mississippi River partly and directly through the Neosho.
The following is a Classified Account, (although apparently contrary to the geologic facts, yet self-explanatory), showing the distinct mussel faunae of the State that coincide with the different
46 NAIADES OF MISSOURI
physiographic provinces because of their different ecological conditions, namely, the muddy, sluggish streams of the north, swift, clear-water streams in the south and the mediocre streams of the Central portion :— a=Prairies; }—Mo. and Miss. R’s (Proper); c=Ozark Uplift. I—NORTH MISSOURI= Primitive Mussel Fauna. ; 1.a—New Prairies, or Glacial Plains. (N. and N.W.Mo.) 1.b—Missouri- Mississippi Flood-plains= Mo. Lakes and Miss. R. (Proper) to mouth of Mo. R. (N. E. Mo.). Mo. R. (Proper)=Depauperated Mussel Fauna. II—CENTRAL MISSOURI=Intergraded Mussel Fauna. 2.a—Old Prairies of W. Central Mo. 1.c—Ozark Border, or North Slope. IIIl.—SOUTH MISSOURI= Modern Mussel Fauna. 2.c—Ozark Plateau. 3.c—Ozark Center, or South Slope. 2.b—Miss. R. (Proper) below mouth of Mo. R. and Miss. Lowlands of S. EK. Mo.—Depauperated Mussel Fauna.
The Species and Sub-Species, listed under the following general Key to the Missouri Naiades, are assigned to the different sub-physiographic provinces where they predominate by employ- ing to the extreme right after their names the lettered numbers of the above Classified Account: e. g., Amblema rariplicata (Deshayes)— l.a.,—thus indicating the New Prairies Fauna where mostly found.
General Key for Identification of the Missouri Naiades.
This key is for very general use, being based upon the essential, reproductive and nutritive characters of the animal parts for the Families, Sub-Families and Generic Groups. ‘These characters are indicated under the lettering in the Scheme below and the enumeration of all Naiades for Missouri is denoted both by the Roman and Arabic numerals. The geographic distribution of the Species and Sub-Species is indicated by the lettered numbers. The following Scheme of progressive classiflcation is employed :—
A.—FAMILY I. (A).—SuB-FAMILY (I). a.—GENuws I. (a.)—GENERIC GROUP AND SuB-GENUsS (I). 1.—SPECIES. (1).—SuB-SPECIES. A.—Gills with no water-tubes, septa incomplete, obliquely arranged; gill-
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 47
diaphragm incompletely formed; supra-anal absent, branchial and anal
- openings suppressed with no tendency to a siphonal form; all four gills
; both respiratory and marsupial; post-ventral margin of mantle undiffer-
entiated; glochida semi-circular, ventral margin with irregular dentations; tachytictic, or short period (‘‘Summer’’) breeders.
FAMILY I. MarGariTANIDAE Ortmann.
a.—Gill septa oblique from base of gills, more vertically arranged and Shortens Vietha@s. Acc. sn. cess ...Genus I. CUMBERLANDIA, Ortmann
1.—C. monodonta (Say)—(l. c).
B.—Gills always with water-tubes, septa complete and parallel with gill filaments; gill-diaphragm complete; branchial and anal openings usually tend toward a siphonal form; all four sills or only outer, or parts of outer, marsupial; glochida generally suboval, spadiform, celtiform, spined or spine- JSST Rees 2 (EPA tunes Ae a FAMILY II. Unronrpag, Swainson
(A).—Connection between anal and supra-anal openings short or absent; inner laminae of inner gills free from visceral mass; post-ventral margin of mantle not specialized; mar- supial undifferentiated, not distended when gravid; glochidia
suboval, spineless, tachytictic for the most part.......... Sub-Family (1), UNIoNINAE, Ortmann
a.—All four gills marsupial.
(a)—Conglutinates club-shaped, pinkish, solid; beak sculpture concentric and slightly nodulated at base of post-umbonal ridge; disk unsculptured....Genus II. Fusconara Simpson
2. F. undata (Barnes)—(1. b)
(1). F. undata trigona (ea)—(t1. c) (2). F. undata trigonoides Frierson—(1. a)
Sue paver Rak, )——(3.c)
4. F. hebetata (Contad)—(t. c)
5. F. ebena (Lea)—(t1. b)
(b)—Conglutinates leaf-like, compressed, subsolid white; beak sculpture concentric, extending zigzag out on disk which is greatly Seth tiIred hy ach at soe «, che Aig HABE EU! Genus III AmBriEMa (Raf.)
6. A. peruviana (Lamarck)—(tr. c)
7. A. rariplicata (Deshayes)—(1. a)
8. A. perplicata (Conrad)—(3. c)
(3). A. perplicata Quintardi (Cragin)—(1. c) y 9. A. (plicata) costata (Raf.)—(1. a) Genus IV. MacGnonaras Utterback. 10. WM. heros (Say)—(1. a) Genus V. QUADRULA (Raf.) 11. Q. pustulosa (1ea)—(1. b) (4). Q. pustulosa schoolcraftensis (Lea)—(1. a) (5). Q. pustulosa asperata (1,ea)—(1. c)
12. Q. quadrula (Raf.)—(1. b)
(6). Q. quadrula contraryensis Utterback—(1. a)
48 NAIADES OF MISSOURI
13. Q. nodulata (Raf.)—(1. b) 14. Q. fragosa (Contrad)—(t1. b) 15. Q. aspera (Lea)—(1. c)
16. Q. nobilis (Conrad)—(2. a) 17. Q. verrucosa (Raf.)—(1. c) 18. Q. metanevra (Raf.)—(1. c)
(7). Q. metanevra Wardu (Lea)—(1. b) 19. (Q. cylindrica (Say)—(3. c) b.—Only outer gills marsupial. (a)—Supra-anal opening absent; beak sculpture zigzag; disk greatly Sleyolll ong obeelo am Get CEs a Sunes, crete Genus VI. RotTunpDartia (Raf.) 20. R. tuberculata (Raf.)—(1. c) 21. R. granifera(Lea)—(1. b) (b)—Supra-anal present but short; beak sculpture concentric but disappearing toward disk which is mostly unsculptured. Genus VII. PLETHOBASUS (Simpson) 22. P. cooperianus (Lea)—(2. c) ‘ 22.) PB. aesopus (Green)—-(n,b) Genus VIII. PLeuROBEMA (Raf.) 24. P. obliquum (lamarck)—(1. b) (8). P. obliquum plenum (Lea)—(3. c) (9). P. ebliquum pyramidatum (Lea)—(1. c) (10). P. obliquum catillus (Conrad)—(t. c) (11). P. obliquum coccineum (Conrad)—(t. c) 25. PP. catillus (Conrad)—(3. c) 26. P. coccineum (Conrad)—(3. c) 27. P. missourense (Marsh)—(3. c) 28. P. Utterbackit Frierson—(3. c) Genus IX. Ev.iprtio (Raf.) 29. E. nigra (Raf.)—(2. c) 30. E. dilatata (Raf.)—(2. a) (12). EF. dilatata subgibbosa (Lea)—(3.c) (13). £. dilatata delicata (Simpson)—(3. c) Genus X. UNIONERUS (Conrad) 31. U. tetralasma (Say)—(1..a) (14). U. tetralasma comptodon (Say)—(1. a)
(B).—Mantle connection between anal and supra-anal openings always present, very long and moderate; inner laminae of inner gills usually free from the visceral mass; marsupia occupying entire outer gills | only, distended ventrad and with lateral water-tubes when gravid; post ventral margin of mantle not differentiated; glochidia subtrian- gular, or spadiform, spined; bradytictic or long period (‘‘ Winter’’) ta hole{G Cl a eens Me SPL S Nas Tia Rat Sub-Family II. ANODONTINAE Ortmann a.—Inner laminae of inner gills free from visceral mass; beak sculpture
coarse, double-looped.
(a)—Mantle connection between anal and supra-anal openings moderately long; hinge rather complete, shell sculptured and somewhaty thick). asc. k memes Genus XI. Sympnynota (Lea)
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 49
32. S.complanata (Barnes)—(t1.a)
33. S. costata (Raf.)—(3. c) Genus XII. ARrcIDENS Simpson)
34. A. confragosus (Say)—(2. c)
*(b)—Mantle connection between anal and supra-anal openings very long; hinge completely absent; disk smooth; shell thin.
Genus XII. Lastena (Raf.) 35. L. suborbiculata (Say)—(1. b) 36. L. ohiensis (Raf.)—(1. b) Genus XIV. ANopontTa (Lamarck) 37. A grandis (Say)—(1. b) 38. A. dakotana Frierson —(tr. b) 39. A. corpulenta Cooper—(t. b) 40. A. Danielsii Lea—(1. a) 41. A. Bealit Lea—(1. 2c)
(c)—Mantle connection between anal and supra-anal openings moderately long; hinge almost absent; shell rather thin, disk tNSeUpltured ss. sue ss ae Genus XV. ANODONTOIDES (Simpson)
42. A. ferussacianus (Lea)—(1. b—) b.—Inner laminae of inner gills with tendency to connect with vis- ceral mass; mantle connection between anal and supra-anal openings moderate; beak sculpture, heavy, concéntric.
(a)—Marsupium with simple ovisacs; hinge teeth rather well de- veloped with cardinals sharp and prominent.
Genus XVI. ALASmIDOoNTA (Say) 43. A.calceolus (Lea)—(3. c) 44. A. marginata Say—(2. c)
(b)—Marsupium with transverse ovisacs; hinge rudimentary with
cardinals rounded and suppressed. .Genus VXII. SrropnHitus (Raf) 45. S. edentulus (Say)—(2. a)
(C)—Mantle connection between branchial and anal openings present, never very long; inner laminae of inner gills rarely ever entirely free from visceral mass; post-ventral margin of mantle usually highly differentiated with papillae, flaps, etc.; part of outer gills in most genera specialized as marsupia, which, when gravid, bulging beyond original edge of gills, ruptured at ventral edge of ovisacs for escape of larvae; glochidia semi-circular, (I,AMPSILIS type), or axe-head shape (PROPTERA type), ventral margin rounded, rarely spined; bradytictic.
Sub-Family III. Lampsininagk Ortmann.
a.—Marsupium with subcylindrical ovisacs; post ventral margin of
mantle smooth; shell sometimes with disk sculptured, sex dimor- phism of shell not distinct.
(a)—Marsupium occupying almost entire outer gill, edges folded, ovisacs several, small, short....Genus XVIII. Eviipsaria (Raf.)
46. EE. clintonensis (Simpson)—(3. c) (b)—Marsupium occupying outer gill in a few, large, long ovisacs. Genus XIX. OBLIQUARIA (Raf.) 47. O. reflexa (Raf.)—(1. c)
50 NAIADES OF MISSOURI
Genus XX. CyprRoGENIA (Agassiz) 48. C. Aberts (Conrad)—(3. c) (15). C. Aberti lamarckiana (lea)—(3. c)
b.—Marsupium with compressed and dilated ovisacs; post ventral
margin of mantle smooth to papillose; shell generally without disk
sculpture, sex dimorphism usually very distinct.
(a)—Inner post-ventral edge of mantles without flap or papillae, but slightly lamellate and crenulated; glochidia elliptic and celti- form, when normal in shape either extremely large or small.
Genus XXI. OBOvVARIA (Raf.)
Sub-Genus (I)—-PSEUDOON (Simpson)
49. O. (Pseudoon) ellipsis (Lea)—(1. b) Genus XXII. NepHRONArIAS (Cross and Fisher) F
50. N. ligamentina (Lamarck)—(1. b)
(16). N. ligamentina gibba (Simpson)—(t. c) 51. N. ellipsiformis (Conrad)—(t1. c) (17). N. ellipsiformis venusta (Lea)—(1. c)
52. WN. Pleastt (Marsh)—(3. c)
53. N. ozarkensis (Call)—(3. c) Genus XXIII. AmyGpALonatAs (Cross and Fisher)
54. A. donaciformis (Lea)—(1. a)
55. A. truncata (Raf.)—(1. c) Genus XXIV. Puacrova (Raf.)
56. P. securts (Lea)—(r. b) ‘ Genus XXV. LaAsmonos (Raf.)
57. L. fragilis (Raf.)—(1. a)
58. L. Simpsonu (Ferriss)—(3. c)
59. L. leptodon (Raf.) Genus XXVI. PROPTERA (Raf.)
60. P. alata (Say)—(1. a)
61. P. purpurata (Lamarack)—(3. c)
62. P. laevissima (Lea)—(1. a)
63. P.capax (Green)—(t1. b)
(b)—Inner post-ventral edge of mantle differentiated with papillae and flaps; glochidia normal in shape, medium in size.
Genus XXVII. CaRUNCULINA (Simpson)
64. C. parva (Barnes)—(t1.b)
65. C. texensis (Lea)—(1. a)
66. C. glans (Ilea)—(1. a) Genus XXVIII. Eurynia (Raf.)
Sub-Genus (II). Mricromya (Agassiz)
67. E. (Micromya) limosa (Conrad)—(3. ¢c)
68. E. (Micromya) iris (Lea)—(3. ¢)
69. E. (Micromya) brevicula (Call)—(3. ¢)
(18). E. (Micromya) brevicula Brittsii (Simpson)—(1. c)
Sub-Genus (III).) Eurynta (sens. strict.)
70. E. (Eurynia) subrostrata (Say)—(1. a)
71. E. (Eurynia) recta (Lamarck)—(1. c)
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 51
Genus XXIX. Lampsiuis (Raf.) 72. LL. anodontoides (1.ea)—(1. a) 73. L. fallaciosa (Smith)—(1. a) 74. L. Higginsit (Lea)—(1. b) 75. L. Powellit (Lea)—(3. c) 76. L. luteola (Lamarck)—(3. c) (19). L. luteola rosacea (DeKay)—(3. c) 77. L. reeviana (Lea)—(3. c) 78. L. ventricosa (Barnes)—(3. c) (20). L. ventricosa satura (1ea)—(3. c) Genus XXX. TRuNCILLA (Raf.) 79. T. Curtisi Frierson and Utterback—(3. c) 80. T. Lefevret Utterback—(3. c) '
ENUMERATION OF MISSOURI NAIADES.
BV AUV ISTORII Seam ar tera & Nok toh sere RE GME ALE TC NS ay CCN eaten Cee ih 2 SHS DUAN Big 0 OSS ar otis NUN ee Ra eg 2 pent ae gH A Ut cM LSA, Hh, 3 GONG RAG ar iy octet Eber 2rd URGE LAL ety Dar Hun 30 SUB G RNIN RAV rice Sie esther ny Madly GR cet ERAN IC Aad RE ate 3
SRE CUES spre re Reh sito eel ele te eso ett amen aA RVULE ANU A JIT gM a ie 80
SUP “SEE GRE SH aA ry int ates ier ARRe aE Pe, Per eh UNunve CaN mtLE Luan ier 20
MOAT LON, OPE CIES HANDS SUB-SRE CLES. 2)! la Salgie sleium eal Orca et heen Ranta naeaets 100
Explanation of Figures.—For the purpose of illustrating the characteristic structures of the animal a few text-figures have been inserted immediately under the different Sub-Families. All figures illustrating these characters are about life-size and, while they are drawn from actual specimens in gravid condition, yet the sketches are more or less diagrammatic in order to emphasize the essential features. The sketches of the glochidia (most of them figured here for the first time) are actual camera- lucida drawings by using lenses to magnify 87 diameters. In both sets of these inserted figures, as well as in some of the plates at the close of the text, the following meanings are given to the letters for the labels :—
A=anal opening; I=inner gill; AN=anterior end; M = marsupium;
AV =—antero-ventral margin; P=palp;
B=branchial opening; PO =posterior end; D=dorsal, or hinge line; S=supra-anal opening; F=foot; V=ventral margin.
Explanation of Terms, Abbreviations, etc., used in the text, bibliography and check list.—A few technical terms introduced
52 NAIADES OF MISSOURI
here are suggested for general use. Reference to the four sections of the shell or mantle edges, limited by the anterior, posterior, dorsal and ventral extremities, can be expressed adjectively and adverbially by the respective terms, ‘‘antero-ventral,”’ ‘‘ antero- ventrad,” ‘‘ post-dorsad,” etc. (See Plates I—III). ‘“‘Spadiform” (shape of a spade head) and ‘‘celtzform”’ (shape of a celt, or axe- head) are used as adjectives in describing glochidia. In a few shell measurements adoption has been made of Scammon’s term, ‘“umboidal ratio,’ (um ra.) which is secured by dropping a line perpendicularly from the tips of. the beaks to the longitudinal axis and expressing the distance from the intersection of the two lines to the anterior margin of the shell as a decimal fraction of the entire length of the longitudinal axis. The term, “‘zuter- dentum,’’ is used here for the bridge between the lateral and cardi- nal teeth. ‘he terms, “ bradytictic’’ and “‘tachytictic,”’ as suggested by Ortmann, are adopted as meaning respectively, ‘long period” and ‘‘short period’’ breeders. The term ‘“‘diaphragm,”’ is also used here for the partition between the branchial and anal open- ings formed by the gills.
All shell measurements are reckoned in terms of millimeters (mm.) and length, height and diameter are considered consecutively. ‘‘Diameter’’ is the distance between the greatest convexities vof closed valves. All other usages employed in this work have been in such common adoption as to need no explanation.
To make plain those parts of this catalogue,—-especially the Synonomy and Bibliography,—the equalities for the abbrevia- tions are given as follows :—
Am. J. Conch.—American Journal of Conchology.
Am. Jl. Sci. and Arts—American Journal of Science and Arts.
Am. Nat.—American Naturalist.
An. Car. Mus.—Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
Biol. Bull.—Biological Bulletin.
Bull. Wash. Coll—Bulletin of Washburn College.
Bull. U. S. Mus.—Bulletin of the United States Museum.
Bull. U. S. B. F.—Bulletin of the Unites Stated Bureau of Fisheries.
Jl. (or Jour.) Ac .N. Sci. Phila.—Journal of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia. |
J. Cinn. N. Hist. Soc.—Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society.
Jl. Phila. A. Sci.—Journal of the Philosophical Academy of Science.
Mal. Soc. Lon.—Malacological Society of London.
Moll. Chicago, Pt. I—Mollusks of Chicago, Part I.
Monog. Biv. Ohio.— Monograph of the Bivalves of Ohio.
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 53
Naut.—Nautilus.
N. Harm. Diss—New Harmony Disseminator.
Pr. (or Proc.) Ac. N. Sci. Phil—Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia.
Pr. Am. Phil. Soc.—Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society.
Pr. Mich. Ac. Sci.—Proceedings of the Michigan Academy of Science.
Pr. Ohio Ae. Sci—Proceedings of the Ohio Academy of Science.
Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus.—Proceedings of the United States National Museum.
Tr. (or Trans.) Ac. Sci. St. Louis—Transactions of the Academy of- Science of St. Louis.
Tr. Am. Fish. Soc.—Transactions of the American Fish Society.
Tr. Am. Phil. Soc.—Transactions of the American Philosophical Society.
U. S. B. F. Ec. Cir.—United States Bureau of Fisheries, Economic Circular.
U.S. B. F. Doc.—United States Bureau of Fisheries Document.
(To be continued.)
NOTES ON OUR LOCAL PLANTS.—XI.
BY J. A. NIEUWLAND.
Lake Maxinkuckee (clarke).
BRASSICA’ Cicero, Cato, Pliny X1X:8, XX:9.
Brassica Linn., Syst., (1735), Gen., 197 (1737), 299 (1754), our, iHis.,, 188° (1604). I. R. de, 219 (£700), also: Vi. >Cordus, Brunfels, Lobelius, Tragus, Eric. Cordus, Matt., Lonicer, Gesner Tabernaemontanus, Castor Durante, Dodonaeus, Fuchs, Turner, etc., etc.
Brassica Napus Linn., Sp. Pl., (1753).
Napus sylvestris Bauhin, Pinax, 95 (1623), Napus sativa C. Bauhin, 1. c.
Lake Maxinkuckee, (Clarke). Found escaped from cultiva- tion, as also is Brassica Rapa and Brassica oleracea.
CAKILE Serapion, Semp., c. 65 (1531). Also Cakile Cusa, Camerarius, Cakile Linn., Syst., (1735), Gen., 196 (1737) 300 (1754), Tour., Els., (1694), I. w. H., 212 (1700), Cakile Miller, Gard: Dict.;. Abr, -Ed...4 (1754):
Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook., Fl. Bor. Am. I. 59 (1830).
Bunias edentula Bigelow, Fl. Bort., 157 (1814).
Millers (Umbach), Lake Co. (Deam). Laporte Co., (Deam) 211, 9062 Millers. Common only in the dune region of Lake Michigan near the shore line.
54 NOTES ON OUR I,OCAL PLANTS
DENTARIA lLobelius, Obs., 391 (1576).
Dentaria Tour., Els., 192 (1694), I. R. H., (214 1700), Den- taria Linn., Syst. (1735), Gen. 196 (1737) 295 (1754), Dentaria Clusius, C. Bauhin, Pinax, 322 (1623), Gerard, Tabernaemontanus, Camerarius, Caesalpinus, etc. Dentellaria Dalechamps, Cusa.
Dentaria lacinata Muhl., Willd. Sp. Pl., III, 479 (1800).
Cardamine laciniata Wood, Bot. and Florist, 38 (1870).
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), S.t Joseph Co. (Rothert),
Laporte Co. (Deam). 3590, 11081% Notre Dame (Powers) 452.
South Bend, Ind., 11081 Notre Dame. Common _ throughout the region. It varies considerably in leaf shape. Some specimens have almost entire leaves, others broadly parted, and others further dissected and laciniate.
SINAPIS Dioscorides 2:154, Theophrastus 7:3 and 6 Pliny PEO WN Eo?
Sinapis Linn.,. Syst., (1735) Gen., 197 (1737), 299 (1754); Tour., Els., 193 (1694), I. R. H., 277 (1770), Sinapis Brunfels, Fuchs, Turner, Castor Durante, Matthioli, Lacuna, Caesalpinus, Dodonaeus, and of all the older authors.
Sinapis alba Linn., Sp. Pl., 668 (1753).
Brassica alba (1inn.) Boiss.
2501, Notre Dame, (Powers), 9325, 9306 Notre Dame.
Sinapis arvensis Linn., Sp. Pl., 668 (1753).
Notre Dame, Ind.
Family 77. CAPPARIDEAE Vent., Tabl. ITT, 118 (1794).
Capparidaceae Lindley, Nat. Syst., ed. 2, 61 (1836).
JACKSONIA Raf., Med. Rep:, V, 352 (18:8).
Polanisia Raf., Am. Month. Mag. 267 (1818) also Jr. Phys., 89, 98 (1819).
Jacksonia trifoliata Raf. 1. c.
Polanisia graveolens Raf., Jr. Phys. 1. c., Polanista dodecandra B. S. P. Cat. N. Y. 6 (1888); Cleome dodecandra Michx., F1. Bor. Am., 2, 32 (1803) not Cleome dodecandra Linn.
South Haven, Berrien Co., Mich. (L. H.*Bailey), 11524 Notre Dame, Ind. 9750 Dune Park, Lake Co. Common in sandy banks of the St. Joseph River and in the Dune region as also along the railroads.
wom
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 55
Family 78. SARRACENIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Has: Pl 537829);
Also Engler and Prantl Pflnzfam. Nachtr. 348 (1897).
BUCANEPHYLLUM Plukenett, Alm. 71 (1696).
miso Almath.’ 46, t:\ 376; 1. 6 (1705); Phyteg. 3, te n52;¢f. 3 (1692), Coilophyllum Morison Hist. 3, 523 (1699), Sarracena Tour 1. Be He; App. 657, ‘pl. 476: (1700), also Linn4 Syst: (7735): Padex of Sp. Pl. (1753). Gen. 149 :(1737), 224. (2742), 226"(1754), Sarracenia Sp. Pl. 510 (1753).
Bucanephyllum americanum Pluk. Almag (1696) and Almath. i eo 4( T7O5):
Sarracenia purpurea Linn., Sp. Pl. 1. ec. Sarracena canadensis Tour. 1. ec. Bucanephyllum purpureum (Linn.).
Laporte Co. (Barnes), Lake Co. (Hill), Clarke, Ind. (Umbach) Casella, Ind. (Higdon and Raddin), Lake Maxinkuckee (H. W. Clarke), 2787 Mineral Springs (Porter Co.) 9650 Chain Lakes, St. Joseph Co., 2672 Sagunay, Laporte Co. Found also in a tamarack swamp along the Turkey Creek road S. E. of South Bend, Ind. in Cass Co., Mich. near Bankson Lake, also W. of the same lake in great abundance growing with J/sotria’ verticillata (Willd.) Raf. Pseudorchis Loeselit (Linn.) S. F. Gray. [Leptorchis Loeselit (Linn.) Dum.] N. and Calopogon pulchellus R. Br. or Cathea tuberosa (Iinn.) Mac M.
Family 79. DROSERACEAE DC., Theor. El. 214 Prod 1327 (1724):
RORELLA Valerius Cordus, Hist., 86 (1561).
Also Salstroral.c. Thalius, Hare. 116 (1588). Rorida Lobelius, Icon. 81 (1581) also Adv. and Obs. 472 and 354 (1576) Korella Allioni, Fl. Pedem. II, 88 (1785) Haller, Fl. Helv., 371 (1768), Ruppius Jen. 90 (1726), 114 (1745), Thalius 1. c. Lobellius 1. c. Rossolis Adans., Fam. Pl. II, 245 (1763), Ros solis and Ros Solis Bis. 211 (7694), I. R. HY 245 (1700), C. Bauhin, Pinax, 356, (1623) and of many pre-Linnaean authors, e. g. Dodonaeus, Lonicer. Castor Durante, Camerarius, Hort. Med. 742 (1588). Drosion Lobelius, Obs. Syn. 1. c. Solaria Camerarius 1. c. syn. Drosera’ Linn., Syst. (1735), Gen. 89 (1737) 136 (174).
Rorella Cordi Lobelius, Obs. 472, et in indice (1576).
Rorella vulgaris Ruppius 1. c. Ros solis major Gerard, Drosera
56 NOTES ON OUR LOCAL PLANTS
’ rotundifolia Linn., Sp. Pl. 281 (1753), Rorella rotundifolia (Linn.) Allioni, 1. c.
Casella, Ind. (Higdon and Raddin), Lake Co., (S. Coulter), Take Maxinkuckee (H. W. Clarke), 223, 9460. Cass Co., Mich., Clarke, Ind. (Umbach).
Rorella intermedia (Hayne).
Drosera intermedia Hayne in Schrad. Jr. Bot. 1, 37 (1800), Drosera americana Willd., Enum 340 (1809).
Lake Co. (S. Coulter), Millers, (Bastin), 10246 Mineral Springs, Porter Co. In a bog of the dune region at the edge of a pond which usually dries up completely in summer. During the very dry weather of Aug. 1913 the peat caught fire and the whole region was devastated. All vestiges of the plant were destroyed and it has not reappeared. Found in close promimity of Scleria verticillata and Polygala cruciata which also are now gone.
Order 28. CALOPHYTAE. Bartling, Ord. Nat. Pl. 330, 398 (1830).
Rosales Vindley. Nix. Pl. 21 (1833). Bentham and Hooker, Gen. 1, 13 (1865), Engler and Prantl., Pflnzfam. Nachtr. 348 (1897).
Family 80. CRASSULACEAE DC,, Bull. Plilom. 49 (1891).
Also vam. DC., BI. Fr. 35.4) 382, (1805); \ Bartling) lc toes and 309 (1830).
SEDUM Pliny, Hist. 26 : 8, also Columella.
Sedum, Cepaea or Telephium of nearly all the pre-Linnaean writers, See C. Bauhin, Pinax 284, 287, 288 (1623), Anacampseros Gesner, Sedum Tour. Els. 229 (1694), I. R. H. 262 (1700), Sedum Linn. Syst., (1735), Gen. 136 (1754). }
Sedum triphyllum (Haw.) 8S. F. Gray. Nat. Arr. Br. Pl. II, 540 (1821).
Anacampseros triphylla Haw., Syn. Pl. Suce. rir (1812).
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke). Found at Notre Dame, Lake- ville, N. Liberty, Mishawaka, Benton Harbor, and St. Joseph. Common and spreading in woods near farm houses.
Sedum minimum ‘Tabernaemontanus, (1580) Lobelius Adv. (1576).
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 57
Aizoon acre Cordus Hist. 98 (1561), Sedum acre Linn. Pan Suecus, Amoen I], 248 (1751). Sp. Pl. 432 (1753)-
Escaped from gardens and graveyards. Notre Dame, Ind., St. Joseph, Mich., Mishawaka, Ind.
Family 81. PENTHORACEAE Rydberg. N. Am. Bl.22;-75 (1905)
PENTHORUM. Gronevius) Fle Virg.; 51. (2739).
Penthorum Vinn., Gen., 204 (1742), 197 (1754). Linn. Act Ieslasa2. t.2°(nz44i):
Penthorum sedoides Linn., Sp. Pl., 432 (1753).
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), Clarke, Ind. (Umbach), Lake Co. (Deam), Pine, Ind. (Umbach, Steele), Bascom, (W. Hahn), Notre Dame, 9380.
Family 82. PARNASSIEAE S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr Behl th 623) (10827):
Parnassiaceae Dumort., Anal. Fam. 37, 42 (1829).
PARNASSIA* Tour Els: 212 °(1604);) 1. Ro. 2469700):
Parnassva. Lann., ‘Syst:, (1735); Gen. 87 (1737); 4133 G754)5 also Haller, Helv. 316 (1742) Enneadynamis Gesner, Hort. Germ., 261 (1561) in syn. Six-syllabled word!
Parnassia caroliniana Michx., Fl. Bor. Am. I, 184 (1803).
Lake Co. (Deam, Hill), Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), 2112 Chain Lakes, 11623 Notre Dame, 3987 Notre Dame (Powers).
Family 83. SAXIFRAGEAE Vent., Tab. III, 277 (1799).
Saxifragaceae DC., Lam. and DC. FI. Fr. 3, IV, 358 (1805) also Prod. IV, 1 (1830). Endlicher, Gen. 813 (1839).
MICRANTHES Haw. Syn. Pl. Succ. 320 (1812).
Saxifraga of authors in part.
Micranthes pennsylvanica (Linn.) Haw., Saxifr. Enum.
Saxifraga pennsylvanica Linn., Sp. Pl., 399 (1753), also Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. 337 (1732).
Clarke, Ind. (Umbach), Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), St. Joseph Co. (Rothert), Lake Co. (Hill), 1880, 9461, 1886 420 Notre Dame, 9197 Granger, St. Joseph Co., Ind., 830 N. Liberty, Ind. Common in all the counties in moist ground.
HEUCHERA Linn., Syst. (1735), Gen. 68 (1737), 106 (1754). Hort) Clifl.:.82 (1737):
58 NOTES ON OUR LOCAL PLANTS
Heuchera americana Linn., Sp. Pl., 226 (1753).
Turkey River (Clarke).
Heuchera hispida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept., 188 (1814).
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), Lake Co. (Hill).
Heuchera hirsuticaulis (Wheelock) Rydberg Britt. Man. 482 (1901).
Heuchera hispida hirsuticaulis Wheelock, Bull: Torr. Cl., 17, 199 (1890).
Marshall Co. (Deam), 10528 Notre Dame, 9681, 9440 Chain Lakes, 43 Granger, Ind.
TIARELLA, Gen.’ Poo! (1754).
Tiarella cordifolia Sp. Pl. 405 (1753).
St. Joseph Co. (Rothert.)!
I have nowhere found it within the region.
WITL EEA *’Four., Bis. 207° (1694)> Tc RHEL) 2a teas Mitella Linn., Svyst., (1735), Gen. 131 (1737), 190 (1754).
Mitella americana Tour., Els. 207 (1694).
Mitella diphylla Linn., Sp. Pl. 406 (1753).
Grand Haven, (Umbach), St. Joseph Co. (Rothert), Notre Dame, 4008, 2036, 4009 (Powers), Notre Dame, 1891, 10008, 406, 815, 2527, 2534.
CHRYSOSPLENIUM (Tabernaemontanus). Tour. Els., 122 (7694) 1..R7i He ‘146 (1700);
Also Linn., Syst. (1735), Hort. Cliff. 149 (1737),Genh. 115 (1737), 189 (1754). |
Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. in Hook. FI. Bor. Am, J, 242 (1832).
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium Walt., Fl. Car. 140 (1788) not Linn.
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), Porter Co. (Deam), 810, 10012 Notre Dame.
Family 84. HYDRANGEACEAE Dumort., Anal. Fam. 36, 38 (1829).
PHILADELPHUS Athenaeus, Dipnosophistae, XV:29, probably.
Philadelphus C. Bauhin, Pinax, 398 (1623). Syringa Tour. Els. 491 (1694), I. R. H. 617 (1700), Philadelphus Linn. Syst. (1735), Gen. 140 (1737), 211 (1754), Syringa of a great many of the pre-Linnaean authors, the name used also for the Lilac.
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 59
Philadelphus coronarius Linn., Sp. Pl. 470 (1753). Escaped around Notre Dame by seed and maintaining itself well under very unfavorable conditions.
Family 85. HAMAMELIDACEAE Lindley, Veg. - Kingd: 784 (1847).
Hammaelideae Abel. Nar. Jour. China. App. B. 374 (1818), me. “Prods LV; 267."(1830).
TRILOPOUS Mitchell, Act. Acad.’ Leop. Carol. ‘VIII; App. 211 (1748) also (1769).
Hamamelis Linn., Gen. 254 (1742), 559 (1754) not Hamamelis of the older authors which was a pomaceous plant, (Mes pilus Sp°)
Trilopus virginiana (Linn.) Raf., New. Fl. N. Am. III, 17 (1836). cor.
Hamamelis virginiana Linn. Sp. Pl., 124 (1753).
Laporte Co. (Deam), Lake Co. (Deam), Porter Co. (Deam), Clarke, Ind. (Umbach), Marshall Co. (Deam), Lapaz Junction, Marshall Co., r1119, Millers, Ind., 2648, Mineral Springs, Porter Co., 10211, 11540, T1031, 11034, 10211, St. Joseph, Mich:, 470, Michigan City, Laporte Co., 9262, Notre Dame, 9343, 10439, He Aee. TE 737, 10430) L125;
Trilopus virginiana var. angustifolia Nwd.
Hamamelis virginiana var. angustifolia Nwd. Am. Nwd. Nat. ely 63 (rer 3).
Hudson Lake, Laporte Co., 10431.
Trilopus virginiana var. orbiculata Nwd.
Hamamelis virginiana var. orbiculata Nwd. Am. Mid. Nat. yep. 645
Tamarack, Porter Co. Ind. 719, Mineral Springs, 11641.
Family 86. GROSSULARIACEAE Dumort. Anal. Bam: Ply 37 (1829)-
GROSSULARIA Ruellius, Hist. Stirp. 213 (1543).
Also Tour. Els. 501 (1694), I. R. H., 639 (1700), Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr. (1754), Clusius, Hist. (1605). Rocella Cardanus.
Grossularia Cynosbati (Linn.) Miller. Gard. Dict. Ed. 8, (1768)
Ribes Cynosbatit Linn., Sp. Pl. 202 (1753).
Millers (Umbach), Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), Lakeville 9260, Benton Harbor, 11012, Notre Dame, 1970 (Powers),.
60 NOTES ON OUR LOCAL PLANTS
Grossularia missouriensis (Nutt.) Cov. and Britton, N. Am. Fl. 22, 221 (1908). .
Ribes gracile Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 165 (1814). Kibes mis- sourtense Nutt., T. and G., Fl. N. A. 1, 548 (1840).
Notre Dame (Johnson) [Calumet, 5. Chicago 1 Chase)].
RIBES Fuchs, 1542 also Ruellius, Nat. Stirp, 213 (1543).
Ribesium Dodonaeus, Pempt, 749 (1583), Dill., aoe Elth., 324, 246 (1732), RKibes Iobelius, Clusius, Besler, Ribes Vinn., Gen. 68 (1737), 94 (1754). Included in Grossularia by Tournefort.
Riles vulgare Lamarck, Encycl. 3,°47 (1789).
Escaped in places.
COREOSMA Spach, Veg. Syst. VI, 154 (1838) also Ann. Wats “Seri. Vy 2 (835).
Coreosma and Calobotrya Spach, Veg. Syst. 1. c.
Coreosma americana (Miller).
Coreosma florida Spach. Veg. Syst. 1. ¢. 157. Kuibes floridum L’Herit., Stirp. Nov. 1, 4 (1784). Ribes americanum Miller, Gard. Dict., ed. 8, (1768).
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), Lake Co. (Blatchley), 1969 Notre Dame (Powers), 1910, 2539, 11010 Notre Dame, 825 North Liberty, 11121 Lapaz: Junction.
Coreosma americana var. mesochora.
Differt a praecedente floribus pubescentioribus (an semper?) angustioribus longioribus, foliis plus incisis serratis majoribus, racemis diffusioribus longioribus, Sepalorum partibus linearibus acutiusculis, tubo longioribus, petalis quoque multo longioribus, augustioribus.
This variety found in the dune region in the edge of a tamarack arbor vitae bog, is characterized by very narrow acutish sepal lobes rather long and very narrow, linear to linear oblanceolate acute or obtusish. ‘The leaves are deeper and more sharply cut and serrate, and larger. The racemes long and with widely scattered flowers. ‘The plant has long straggling branches, and generally of more slender habit. ‘The twigs are grayish white and it blooms about half a month or more later.
Found at Mineral Springs, Porter Co., Ind., May 29, 1913. No. 11061 Notre Dame University Herbarium.
Coreosma odorata (Wendl.)
Chrysobotrya revoluta Spach. An. Se. Nat. 2 ser. IV. t. 1 A. (1835) also Hist. Nat. Veg. VI. 149 (1838), Ribes odoratum Wendl.,
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 61
Bartl. and Wendl. Beitr. 2, 15 (1825), Ribes aureum Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. 164 (1814).
Persisting as an escape, Notre Dame, Ind., also at Webster’s Crossing.
Family 87. PLATANACEAE Lindley, Nat. Syst., ed. 2, 178 (1836).
PEATAN US: Theephrastus, 111. 7
Alsoy Pliny, 2X2. 44,) S XV: 8,. Dioscorides, 1: 107; Varro,?T: 7, Claudius, Hymen, Palladius, de Ins. 87, Platanistos Homer, Iliad B: 310, Theoc. XVIII:. 44, Platanus Tour., Els. 463, I. R.H. 500" Linn:, ‘Syst., (735), Gen.7358 (1737), 433 (1754) and of all the older authors before Linnaeus.
Platanus occidentalis Catesby, Ornith.
Platanus occidentalis Linn., Sp. Pl., 999 (1753), Platanus occidentalis aut vrginiensis Park. Theatr. 1427 (1690).
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), 2042 Notre Dame (Powers).
Family 88. SPIRAEACEAE Loiseleur-Delong- champs, Man. Pl. Indig. 1, 188 (1818).
Also Nouv. Voy. dans L’Empire Flor. 284 (1817) as sub- family, also Bartling, Ord. Nat. Pl. 230, 403 (1830), Spach, Hist. Nat. Veg. I, 427 (1834).
ULMARIA Clusius, Pann., 699, 700 (1583).
Also Gesner, Camerarius, Tabernaemontanus, etc. Medesu- stum Cordus, Hist. (1561) (?) Ulmarza Tour., Els., 231 (1694), 1. R.H. 265 (1700), Stricto sensu. Spiraea Sp. Linn., Under Spiraea Linn., Gen. 216 (1754), Sp. Pl., 489 (1753), inclusive of Fulipendula, and Asuncus. Filipendula Syst., (1735), and Gen. 145 (1737), Hort. Cliff. 191 (1737) inclusive of Ulmarza.
Ulmaria rubra Hill, Hort. Kew. 214, pl. 7, (1769).
Sptiaea lobata Gronov. Jacq. Hort. Vind. 138, pl. 88 (1770), Spuaea rubra Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 18, 270 (1891). Fuli- pendula 1ubia Robinson, Rhodora, 8, 204 (1906).
“ 10483 Bertrand, Mich., Berrien Co., (B. Gregory.)
SPIRAEA: Theophrastus, 12 23:
Spuaea Tour., Els 490(1694)I. m. H., 613 (1700) also C. Bauhin, Pinax, 475(1623), Spiraea Clusius Hist., 1, 80 (1605).
Spiraea alba Duroi, Harb. Baumz. II, 430 (1772).
Spiraea salicifolia lanceolata 'T. and H., Fl.N. Am., 1, 145 (1840).
62 NOTES ON OUR LOCAL PLANTS
Notre Dame, 9377, 1897, 11460.
Spiraea latifolia (ait.) Borck. Handb. Forstbot. 1871 (1803).
Spiraea salicifolia latifolia Ait., Hort. Kew. 2, 198 (1789).
9085 Notre Dame, 9756, Dune Park.
(Plants reported as S. salicifolia from Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke). Porter Co. (Deam), Laporte Co. Deam). I have been unable to verify as to which of the above they may be.)
Spiraea tomentosa I,inn., Sp. Pl., 489 (1753).
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), Millers (Umbach), Laporte and Porter Cos. (Deam), Dune Park (A. Chase), Notre Dame 1899, 3319.
OPULASTER Medic., Pfl. Anat. 2, 109 (1799).
Physocarpa Raf., N. Fl. N. Am. 3, 73 (1836), Physcoarpus Maxime, “Act Hort; Petrep:, 6, 219.(1879)-
Opulaster opulifolius (Linn.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 949 (1891).
Spuaea opulifolia Linn., 489 (1753), Neillia opulifolia Brewer and Watson, Bot. Calif., 1, 171 (1876).
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), Lake Co. (Umbach), Notre Dame 7815, 1919 (Powers) Notre Dame 566, 568, 499, 2449, St. Joseph, Mich. 33 Stephensville, Berrien Co., Mich. 2723.
Family 89. DRYADEAE Vent., Tabl., III, 346.
Also Bartling, Ord. Nat. Pl. 230 (1830), Fragariaceae Rich Nestl. Potent. 14, Comosae Linn., Phil. Bot. 31 (1751)!
PENTAPHYLLUM Dioioscorides, 4:42, Theophrastus, Hist. 9:14. Pentaphyllum Brunfels, Herb. Viv. Ic., II, 231 (1532), 1, 32 (1531), Ruellius, Diosc. Nat. Med. 4:34 321 (1547).
OQuinquefolium Pliny, 25:9, Quinquefolium and Pentaphyllum Ruellius, Nat. Stirp. 598 (1542) see also Theodore Gaza, ed. Theoph. 134 (1528), Marcellus Vergilius ed. Diose. 485 (1529), Pentaphyllum Heister, Syst. Pl. 7 (1748). Hill, Br. Herball 3 (1756), Gaertner, Fruct. 1, 349 (1788), Quinquejoliunm Morandi, Hist. Bot. Pract., 9 (1761), Quinquefolium Robbe in De Chaulnes, Cat. de Pl. Usuelles (1754)! also Adanson 2, 294, 295 (1763).
Pentaphyllum rectum (Linn.).
Potentilla ,ecta Linn., Sp. Pl., 497 (1753), Potentilla sulphurea Lame, Pls Franc, Lf} ragiicr7 78).
Millers (Umbach), 2735, 11314, Oliver’s, West of South Bend, Ind.
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST - 63
Pentaphyllum argenteum (Linn.).
Potentilla argeniea Linn., Sp. Pl., 497 (1753).
St. Joseph Co. (A. Woolman, Barnes), Laporte Co. (Deam), Notre Dame (Powers) 2024, Bertrand, (Augustine), 9336.
The type of the Linnaean aggregate ‘“‘genus’’ Potentilla is without question Potentilla Anserina Linn., although Dr. Britton says it is Potentilla 1eptans Tinn. The latter is without doubt the oldest known potentillaceous plant of the pre-Linnaean genera Quinquefolium or Pentaphyllum but Linnaeus by the very fact that he rejected these names for his aggregate, intimated that in selecting the name therefore he selected also the type of the group from which he took the name for his nondescript genus. Now the plant which before Linnaeus was known as the Potentilla of pre-Linnaeans is Potentilla Anserina Linn. The name was so first applied by Brunfels. Now it may be argued that by making 1753 the beginning of our nomenclature we need not accept ‘historical’? types of genera. Now P. Ansenina Linn. is not the oldest plant of the aggregate genus to which Linnaeus gave the name Potentilla as already stated, therefore not what we would call the historical type of the ‘“‘group.’”’ We believe, however, that when Linnaeus took the name for the group he sufficiently intimated zpso facto and apart from historical reasons, that when segregations were subsequently to be made the name was to be retained for the plant that previously had it. If Dr. Britton and the followers of.the theory of residues argue that Potentilla veptans Linn. is the type historically and that the historical type should always be selected, then why is not Panicum talicum selected as type of Panicum or Milium instead of putting it in a segregate and applying. the name Panicum to a group of plants which the originator of the name never knew? Why is Nymphaea alba Linn. the undoubted historical type of the genus Nymphaea segregated and the original name given to the other plant or plants of the genus? In fact as far as one can see no system what- ever is followed in the decision of the manner of determination which plants are the Linnaean ‘“‘types.’”’ All this illogical practical procedure of segregation of Linnaean genera and type selection seems to have as its object the avoidance of confu- sion. We wonder if they can possibly think they can hope to “avoid confusion’’ by applying methods as above outlined.
We need not discuss why Linnaeus disregarded the centuries-
64 NOTES ON OUR LOCAL PLANTS
old names Quinquefolium or Pentaphyllum. We can not be pre- sumed to give reasons for the arbitarry method of Linnaeus in this case nor in hundreds of other cases, any more than we wish to presume to explain the arbitrary methods of selections of his types, by his modern followers. It can not be done logically, but we believe that he is to be presumed to want to have the name of a genus left to the group or plant that had it before. Dr. Rydberg? dismisses the whole pre-Iinnaean history of the group because the plants were in “such a chaotic condition that it would be impossible to write a history of any value.”’ This is a very expedite way of settling a problem, but it will never help settle confusion in the long run. As long as we resort to methods of expediency in clearing up problems, rather than by applying logical principles we are making confusion worse confounded.
On a number of occasions we have quoted Linnaeus himself writing both before and after 1753 as to his idea of method to be followed in segregating his genera. In the Philosophia Botanica p. 197 of both editions, 1751and 1755, he says: “Si genus receptum secondum jus naturae, and artis in plurima dirimi debet, tum nomen antea commune manebit vulgatissimae et officinalt plantae. In the Hortius Cliffortianus his most careful work Potentilla Anserina is the first plant mentioned. Only a one-named designation is given in the Species Plantarum as synonym thus intimating that it was the Potentilla par excellence in his opinion, as it was deemed fit to give the name to the group. Of course we are not even supposed according to the theory of residues and the peculiar methods of interpretation of priority to allow Linnaeus to correct his own mistakes or determine his own types when as seldom he does not seem at least to intimate an opinion in the matter.
There is, however, still another point to make and that is that in assigning the theory of residues to effect segregation, the author of the illustrated flora is not consistent.
The segregated genus. Argentina is attributed to Lamarck (1778). Pentaphyllum and Quinquefolium were separated from the Linnaean Potentilla with Pentaphyllum (or Quinquefolium) reptans (Potentilla ,aptans Linn.| by numerous authors before 1778. If the author feels that it is necessary to accept Argentina because segregated first leaving the other plant in possession of the name
2 Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Univ. Vol. II. p. 2. Monograph N. Am. Potentill. (1898.)
i -
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 65
Potentilla by virtue of the theory of residues, then we may say that Pentaphyllum was separated as validly as soon, if not sooner, leaving Potentilla -Anserina as the type even if we apply the very theory of residues to which appeal may be made to excuse the procedure referred to. Pentaphyllum was separated from the Linnaean Potentilla by Ludwig-Boehmer (1760), special reference being made to Potentilla reptans in its specific name. (‘‘ Potentilla foliis digitatis caule 1epente pedunculis unifloris, Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 499 N. 17’’). In fact segregation of Pentaphyllum were made as early as 1754! Possibly the segregations may be looked upon as “hyponyms”’ perhaps because not published in connection with a binary name? Hill segregated the plant under the name Pen- taphyllum vulgare in 1756, twenty-two years before Lamarck’s date of Argentina.
That it is very hard to find just by what principle of nomen- clature as to residues, types, priority and the like, the Ilustrated Flora (1913 ed) was written we may select the following examples. Bilderdyckia Dum (1827) certainly antedates Timiaria Webb. and Mog. (1836-40). ‘The author we feel confidant knows that the name Pentaphylloides is older than Dasiphora. It would scarcely do for the author to say that he rejects names ending in ozdes for he has such not a few. JBildedyckia is not a very beautiful name, but there are others in the Flora that are worse in more ways than one. Thelypteris is an older name than Dryopterts, but why not acceptable to the Illustrated Flora is a problem we can not hope to solve. Perhaps, Thelypteris was not published in connection with a binary name. Nor for that matter were Lin- naeus’ own genera Exythronium Hydiocharis etc. as elsewhere pointed out.
That the author does not put much stock in the theory of residues would appear from the fact that the common Dandelion is kept under Leontodon contrary to all the precedent of a century or more, and in spite of the fact that Taxaxacum was first seg- regated from the Linnaean aggregate. An exactly parallel pro- cedure would result in the acceptation of Nymphaea alba Linn. for type of Nymphaea and the reduction of Castalia to synonymy although older than Nuphar. This would be the logical thing to do by every principle of analogy and reasoning.
Historically there can be no question that the white water lilies are typical of the genus. Even Dioscorides himself brings
66 NOTES ON’ OUR LOCAL PLANTS
this out. Following is the translation of his text made by Ruellius as early as 1547.3
‘Nymphaea nascitur in paludibus and stagnantibus aquis folits fabae Aegyptiae, minoribus albiis in summa aqua alts demersts pluribus ex radice eodem prodeuntibus FLORE LILIO ALBO, and in medio crocos habente, cum defloruent, ut rotundum malum aut papaverts caput extuberat. ... est et altera nymphaea cujus flos
blephara dicitur folits ante dictae radice albo scabro, FLORE LUTEO-
nitente 10sae simile etc.
There are other inconsistencies not a few which we can not comprehend. We have tried our best to try to imagine how one can logically explain these matters, but so far are unable to do so. No reasons being given for methods of procedure which may be applied in one case and rejected in a perfectly similar one, one would suspect that the code tinkers reserve for themselves the privilege of keeping or breaking the rules as suits their fancy. “Rex super legem,’’ seems to be the rule when most of the botanical public must take their rules of nomenclature and botany second-hand, diluted, expurgated and altered to the whims and fancies of the manualists.
POTENTILLA Brunfels ex C. Bauhin Pinax, 321 (1623).
Argentina Ray meth. 102 (1682) Dodonaeus Hist, 65 (1557) Lobelius Hist. 395 (1576), Dodonaeus Pempt, 589 (1583) Argentina Hill, Br. Herb. 6, (1756) Trew, Herb. Blackw., 119 (1755). Anserina Tabernaemontanus Kreutterb. 327 (1625), also Chenoboscon and Hercularis and Potentilla and Portentilla, Anserina Yragus, Poten- tilla Matthioli, Fuchs Hist. and Stirp, 2 lib, and 212a (1546). Stirp Hist. 355 (1549), Caesalpinus De Plantis 557 (1558), also Lonicer, Castor Durante, ‘Thalius, Stephanomelidides Pliny? Dactylophyllum Spen., Fl. Frib., 3, 1084.
Potentilla Anserina Linn., Sp. Pl., 495 (1753).
Argentina vulgaris Lam., Fl. Fr., 3, 1778), Anserina Anserina Rydb. Mem. Dept. Bot. Col. Un., 2, 159 (1898), and Four. Ann., Soc., Linn., Lyon., (11) 16, 302, 404 (1863), Dactylophyllum Anserina Spen. 1. ¢., Fragaria Anserina Crantz, Stirp. Austriac., PAO Ue, 277m):
St. Joseph Co., (C. D. Mell), Clarke, Ind. (Umbach), Lake
3 Diosc. Anazarb. III. cap. CKXXVI. ed. Ruellius, T. p. 289 (1547). See also Sibthorp J. Prod. Fl. Graec. 360, 362 (1806).
nai
. « a ot ey eet een gl a
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 67
Co. (Hill), Porter Co. (Cowles), 2688) Galien, Mich., 2721 Stephensville, Mich.
DRY MOGALLIS Fourr., 1, ¢. Il, 16; 377% (1868).
Bootia Bigelow, .FJ. Bost., ed. 2, 206 (1826), not Adanson (1763).
Drymocallis agrimonoides (Pursh) Rydb. N. Am. Fl. 22, 368, (1908).
Drymocallis arguta (Pursh). Potentilla arguta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 736 (1814). Geum agrimonoides Pursh Fl. Am. Sept., 351 (1814).
Fouad at Notre Dame and at Galien, Mich.
TRIDOPHYLLUM Necker Els., 2, 93 (1790).
Potentilla Linn. 1. c.
Tridophyllum monspeliense (Linn.) Greene, Leaflets, 1, 189 (1906).
Potentilla monspeliensis Linn., Sp. Pl., 499 (1753).
Laporte (Deam), Notre Dame, 10434.
Tridophyllum norvegicum (Linn.) Greene, 1. c.
Potentilla norvegica.
Notre Dame 2625 (Powers).
CALLIONIA Greene, Leaflets, 1, 238 (1906).
Named after ‘one of the gardener slaves of ‘Theophrastus, Callion!
Callionia canadensis (Linn.) Greene I. c.
Potentilla canadensis Linn. Sp. Pl., 498 (1753).
Millers (Umbach), Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), Laporte Co., (Deam) 3866, 2026 Notre Dame (Powers), 10572 Notre Dame. A common weed throughout the region.
DASIPHORA Rafinesque, Aut. Bot., 167 (1838).
Pentaphylloides Duhamel, Traite des Arbres et Arbutes, 99 (1755), also Morison, Ox., 2, 193 (1715). Comocarpa T. and G., Fl. N. Am., 1. 445 (1840) as subgenus under Potentilla, Comocarpa Rydb., Mem. Col. Un., 2, 19, pl. ror (1898).
Pentaphylloides rejected for reasons already given.
Dasiphora fruticosa (Linn.) Rydb., Mem. 1. c. 188.
Potentilla fruticosa Linn., Sp. Pl., 495 (1753), Dasiphora riparia Raf. 1. c., Pentaphylloides fruticosa Ray, Syn., 3, 2561, Comocarpa fruticosa Rydb., 1. c. pl. ror.
Lake Co. (Deam, Bradner), Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke),
68 NOTES ON OUR LOCAL PLANTS
Indiana Harbor, (A. Chase), 530, 881, 914, Chain Lake, 758 Sagunay.
PANCOVIA Heister, (1737) ex Adanson, 2, 294 (1763).
Comarum linn., Sp. Pl., 502 (1753), also Hort. Cliff., 195 (1737). Gen. 148, (1737), 220 (1754). Comarum rejected because it is the exact Greek equivalent for Fragaria.
Pancovia palustris (Linn.).
Comarum palustre Linn. Pan. Suec. 249 (1751), Sp. PL, 359 (1753). Potentilla palustris Scopoli, Fl. Car. 2, 359 (1772).
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), Clarke, Ind. (Umbach), Lake and St. Joseph Cos. (Blatchley), 545, 885 Chain Lakes, 2624 Millers, Take ‘Co. rae
FRAGARIA Cuba, Hort. Sanit., 15th Century.
Also Fragaria Brunfels Herb. Viv. Ic., (J. de Manliis) 2, 173 (1531), Fragula Cordus, Hist., 173 (1561), Fragaria Tour., Els., 245 (1694) I. R. H. 295 (1700) also Tragus, Fuchs, Dodonaeus Gesner, Lonicer, Lobelius, Castor Durante, Gerarde, etec., Linn., Gen., 147 (1737), 218 (1754).
Fragaria vulgaris Tour., Els., 245 (1694), et C. Bauhin Pinax, 326 (1623).
Fragaria vesda Vinn., Sp. Pl., 494 (1753), Fragaria vulgaris Linn., Pan Suecus, 259( 1751).
Highland Park, (J. Shaddock), 1950 Notre Dame. Found verv commonly along railroads fyom seed probably thrown from trains.
Fragaria grayana Vilmorin; Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat., IV., 8, 202 4( 1857).
Found in St. Joseph Co.
Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, Hist. Nat. Fras., 204 (1766).
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), Grand Haven (Umbach), Pine (Umbach), 10096, 12430 Mineral Springs. ‘
GEUM Pliny 26:7.
Geum Gesner, Hort. Germ., 260 (1561) also Turner, Caryo- phyllata Tour. Els. 244 (1694), I. H. R., 294 (1700), also Matthioli, Lacuna, halius, Castor Durante ‘Tabernamontanus, Camerarius, Clusius, Gerarde, Anguillara C. Bauhin, ete. Garyophyllata Brunfels, Tragus, Dodonaeus, Lonicer.
Geum canadense Jacquin, Hort. Vind., 2, 82, pl. 175 (1772). Geum carolinianum Walt., Fl. Car., 150 (1788), Geum album Gmel., Syst., 2, 861 (1791).
Tee _
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 69
Michigan City (C. D. Mell.), Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), 44, Granger, 2698 Notre Dame, 2683, 9615 South Bend.
Geum virginianum Linn., Sp. Pl., 500 (1753).
Lake, Maxinkuckee (Clarke), Porter (Dean), St. Joseph Co. (Barnes). :
Geum strictum Ait., Hort. Kew., 2, 217 (17809.)
1829, 1828 Notre Dame, 869 Grand Beach, Berrien Co.
SV LIPUS Rat. Neap., 3: (1825).
Stylipus vernus Rafinesque, 1. c.
Geum vernum T. and G., Fl. N. Am, 1. 422 (1840).
501, 9615, 10112 South Bend, 430, 9139, 2705 Notre Dame.
RUBUS Vergil, Ecl. 3:89, Georg., 3315:
Batos Theophrastus, Hist., 2:16, 3:16, 6:1, Caus., 1:21, Diose. 4:38, Rubus Pliny, 16:37, 24:14, Colum., 3:11, 4:31, 7:6, Apulej. els? 27, Ost.
Rubus canadensis Linn., Sp. Pl., 494 (1753).
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), St. Joseph (Rothert), 2061 Notre Dame (Powers).
Rubus allegheniensis Porter, Bull, Torr. Bot. Cl., 23, 153 (1896).
9145, 9134, 11179, 506 South Bend.
Rubus hispidus Linn., Sp. Pl., 493 (1753).
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), Millers (Umbach), 9148 South Bend, 9277 Granger, Ind. .
Rubus hispidus forma, pleniflorus.
Plant with doubled flowers and stamens nearly all gone. Leaves with leaflets larger and the stalks beset with slender prickles. Flowers intensely sweet smelling pure white like a small doubled rose.
11252 collected near Summit Farm No. 4 west Sample St. about 4 or 5 miles from South Bend, Ind. This might prove a good plant for garden cultivation but has been so far difficult to grow as the plants can hardly be transplanted without dying. It blooms longer than the type and seem to continue most of the summer, and often blooms again late in fall. It grows in dense shade along the road where it was cleared from the neighboring woods.
Rubus procumbens Muhl., Cat., 50 (1813).
Rubus villosus Ait., Hort. Kew., 2, 210 (1789).
70 ' NOTES ON OUR LOCAL PLANTS
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), Miller, Ind. Clarke (Umbach) 9307 Notre Dame.
Rubus baileyanus Britton Mem. Torr. Cl. 5, 189 (1894).
Rubus villosus var. humifusus T. and G., Fl. N. Am., 1. 455 (1840) not Weihe, (1825).
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), 1310., 11198 Notre Dame.
Rubus andrewsianus Blanchard, Rhodora, 8, 17 (1906).
1902, 11239 N. Notre Dame, Ind.
Rubus triflorus Richards, Franklin Journ., ed. 2, App., 19 (1823).
Rubus saxatilis var. canadensis Michx. Fl. Bor., Am., 1. 298 (1803), not Rubus canadensis Linn. (1753), Rubus saxatilis var. americanus Pers., Syn. 2, 52 (1807).
Millers (Umbach), Lake Co. (Hill), 2333 Lawton, Mich., 11303 W. of South Bend 2784, 10097 Mineral Sprifigs.
BATIDAEA Greene, Leaflets, 1, 238 (1906).
Batidaea strigosa (Michx.) Greene, l. c.
Rubus strigosus Michx., Fl. Bor. Am., 1, 297 (1893),
9257, ‘Birchim, Porter Co., Ind., Porter Co., (Deam), Lake Co., (Deam), 10210 Mineral Springs. Common throughout the region.
Batidaea heterodoxa Greene l. c.
Clarke (Umbach).
Batidaea vulgaris (Linn.).
Rubus 1daeus Pliny 16:37, also Tragus, Matthioli, Anguillara etc., etc., also Rubus idaeus Linn., Sp. Pl., 492 (1753), Batos tdaeus Diose., 4:39. Batidaea idea (Linn.)
Found escaped near Hudson Lake.
MELANOBATUS Greene, 1. c. 243.
Melanobatus occidentalis (Linn.) Greene 1. c.
Rubus occidentalis Limn., Sp. Pl., 493 (1753).
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), 9136 S. South Bend, 11669 ‘fineral Springs. Common also at Notre Dame and throughout the region.
Family 90. SANGUISORBEAE Spreng., Anleit. ed. 211, 861 (1818).
Sanguisorbae Juss., Gen., 336 (1789), Sanguisorbaceae. EUPATORIUM Dioscorides 4:41. Eupatorium 'Tragus, Matthioli, Fuchs, Dodonaeus, Cordus,
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST Fi
Castor Durante, Lacuna, Turner, ‘Tabernaemontanus, Lobelius, Thalius, Gesner, Anguillara, Columna, Brunfels, Pliny, 25:6, etc., etc., Agrimonia Brunfels, Dodonaeus, Lonicer, Caesalpinus, Linn. Gen., 138 (1737), 206 (1754) Tours., Els., 251 (1694), I. R. H., 301 (1700).
Eupatorium molle (T. and G.).
Agrimonia mollis Britton, Bull. Torr. Cl., 19, 221 (1892). Agrimomia Eupotoria var. mollis T. and H. Fl. Am., 1. 431 (1840).
Found in Lake Co. 11636 Mineral Springs, 11442 S. E. Notre Dame, 10303 S. South Bend.
Eupatorium hirsutum (Muhl.).
Agrimonia Eupatoria var. hirsuta Muhl., Cat., 47 (1813), Agrimonia hirsuta (Muhl.) Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Cl., 23, 509 (1896), Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr., Beitr. Bot., 1. 49 (1842).
Lake Maxinkuckee (Clarke), Porter Co., (Deam), 11260, 11698 S. South Bend, Ind., 1886 Notre Dame, 10465 Bertrand, Mich., Berrien Co. ;
Eupatorium rostellatum (Wallr.)
Agrimonia rostellata (Wallr., Beitr. Bot., 1. 42 (1842), Agrimonia parviflora DC. Prod., 2, 588 (1825) not Soland (1789).
11700 S. South Bned, Ind.
Eupatorium parviflorum (Soland.).
Agrimonia parviflora Soland., Ait., Hort. Kew., 2, 130 (1789).
Millers (Umbach), Michigan City (C. D. Mell), Lake Co. (Deam.)
(To be continued.)
~ QUAMOCLIT SLOTERI.
BY J. A. NIEUWLAND.
Whatever view be taken of the status of the remarkable plant produced by Mr. Logan Sloter in crossing Quamocl it coccinea (Linn.) Britton (Impomoea coccinea Linn.) with Quamoclit vulgaris Choisy (Impomoea Quamoclit Linn.) we have beyond doubt a plant which if found in the field without any knowledge as to its origin, we must admit that the most consevative botanist would scarcely hesitate to report it as a new species. The hybrid in question breeds true to type and was produced between the former as
72 QUAMOCLIT SLOTERI
pistil parent and the latter as pollen parent. The plant differs in having laciniately cleft leaves with linear to lanceolate divisions very irregular so that few are quite alike in shape. The venation in the upper part of the leaf is of the pinnate type but the leaf blade as a whole is broader than long, the basal veins branching on the pedate plan. The base is obtuse and without mesophyll on the margin without, as the veins proceed from the apex of the peduncle directly. This peculiarity is probably due to the tendency of the product to attempt to follow as nearly as may be, the pinnate leaf type of Quamoclit vulgaris and at the same time also that of Quamoclit coccinea, the apical lobe usually being the broadest. The sepals are rounded to obtuse and even retuse (mucronate) and about as long as in the former plant but broader. The corolla is of the same color, roundish pentagonal, shaped nearly as in the latter species the flowers being much larger than in either parent The flowers are as numerous to the cluster as in Q. coccinea, the peduncles longer, the petioles as long. Though the plant seems not notably prolific in moister situations the abundance of flowers is quite remarkable.
The plant is a good and not very common example of what has been called a “‘species hybrid”’ as distinguished froin a Mende- lian hybrid, or a ‘“‘mutant.’”’ Professor E. C. Jeffrey' considers mutants and we would infer also ‘‘species hybrids’’ as just “crypto hybrids,”’ because as the result of his investigations these plants are nétably devoid of perfectly fertile numerous microspore cells. As the plant in question does not produce much seed such might probably be the case with its pollen. The test for hybridism according to the writer is found in the fact that partial infertility is the characteristic of the plants supposed to be mutants even when they reproduce at all, thus reducing these plants to the condition practically of sterile or partially sterile hybrids as was maintained by the English horticulturalists of a century ago.? Herbert,’ however, at the same time having produced hybrids that bred true to type and differed from their parents by characters notably different so as to be considered specific differentiations, viewed these products as new species in opposition to the general opinions of his day. Not having examined the pollen of Quamoclit
r Jeffrey, E. C., Spore Conditions in Hybrids and the Mutation Hypo- thesis of De Vries, Bot. Gaz. LVIII, 322 (1914).
*, > See Transactions Hort. Soc., London Vols. I—VII (1812 et seq.)
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 73
Sloteri no opinion could be proposed here, but it may be suggested that the apparent infertility or partial fertility of the plant may be due perhaps also to the fact that it has not been grown in conditions suitable. Its production of flowers increases very notice- ably as also its seed product by reducing its moisture. ‘The plant might perhaps be quite fertile under conditions which may have not as yet been perfectly determined. Perhaps too under natural conditions comparatively few new species have survived, apparently because the conditions for their proper persistence were not at hand.
Since the plant, Quamoclit Sloteri possesses characters that are notable enough to make it seem specifically distinet from either parent and from all of the members of the genus; why should the knowledge of its ancestry militate against it as deserv- ing a ‘‘species’’ name in binary nomenclature? With its character of breeding true it deserves to be ranked as a new plant as truly as the mutants or new species published under Oenothera during the last decade. It is likely that many species unequivocably ranked as such found in the field, have fewer characters of distinction than the plant in question.
In reading over a description of a certain Quamoclit multifida Raf. (1835) I was forcibly struck by the fact that the characteri- zation of this plant is practically identical with that of the plant produced by Mr. Sloter, from whom the details of the origin of Quamoclit Sloteri were directly obtained. The following description from Rafinesque’s New Flora of North America, Part IV, p. 57 (1836) seems so remarkably applicable that one would fain believe that that keenly observant and brilliant botanist of nearly a century ago had in mind and actually seen somewhere in gardens of his day a plant identical with the Scarlet Climber just described. It is not impossible that it has appeared spontaneously in gardens where the two parents were often grown together. The whole description of Rafinesque is here given so that it may be com- pared by the reader, who may judge for himself as to their identity. To us there seem little doubt that Rafinesque knew of a plant whose description agrees in our opinion quite well with that of © the plant hybrid under discussion.
“976 Quamoclita multifida Raf. Twining, smooth, leaves multifid, laciniate, base truncate, sinuses obtuse, segments linear and lanceo- late acute, peduncles 3-5 flors, equal to petiols, calix acute—a
74 CROCION ACHLYDOPHYLLUM
curious sp. deemed a garden hybrid produced by Q. coccinea and Q. pinnata, leaves variously cut few alike, some reniform -with shorter cuts, flowérs handsome, large purple, tube clavate, limb flat stellate pentagone, stamens exserted. Seen alive in gardens, where sometimes spontaneous.”’
The Quamoclita pinnata Raf. above is certainly Ipomoea Quamoclhit Linn,. Sp. Pl, 159 (1753), the only pinnate leaved Quamoclit known by him at the time, and it is moreover the oldest binary application of the plant under the genus Quamoclit ante- dating Choisy’s name Quamoclit vulgaris' nine years, unless of course one admits the stupid duplicate binaries like Quamoclit OQuamoclit.
Department of Botany. University of Notre Dame.
CROCION ACHLYDOPHYLLUM (GREENE.) An Ecological and Anatomical Study.
BY R. M. KACZMAREK.
In “Studies in Viola I”’ in the AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST in the February issue of 1914 we intimated that the presence or absence of cleistogamous flowers in plants in the genus Viola, as hitherto held by most botanists, is becoming a recognized character for classification. It was undertaken to segregate the plants of this group taking into consideration their habit and the number of stamens in the so-called ‘“‘apetalous flowers’’ when present. On account of these important characters of distinction we pro- posed the segregates on the basis of this difference.
We proposed the genus Crocion Nieuwland and Kaczmarek? for the stemmed yellow violets of which V. pubescens (Ait.)§ is the type. In our opinion the western plant confused by botanists under the name of V. ertocarpa (Schwein.)4 is really V. achlydo-
‘Whether the Jpomoela Cardinalis (Cardinal Creeper) offered by A. Boddington, of New York, is the same as Quamodit Slotert, I have been un- able to find.
2 Am. Mid. Nat. III., 8, p. 207-217 (1914).
3 Ait. Hort. Kew. 3, p. 290 (1789.)
4 Schwein. Am. Journ. Sci. 5, p. 75 (1822).
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 75
phylla (Greene)! sufficiently different from the above by its own characters as may be seen by consulting his description. As to the advisability of applying the name V. eriocarpa (Schwein.) to the eastern plant even, we would hardly venture too definite a statement as both V. scabriuscula (Schwein.), as that plant was formerly known, and V. pubescens may or may not have hairy capsules. If the meaning implied in the name is taken as the prime character for substituting the name V. ertocarpa (Schwen.) for what was formerly known as V. scabriuscula (Schwein.) then one could for the above reason seem scarcely justified in adopting the change.
The use of the name V. ertocarpa Schwein., though apparently an older name were scarcely perhaps legitimate because it is not clear that V. pubescens variety eriocarpon? (Nutt. 1818) is not a different plant. If it were a different plant as would seem from the context of Nuttall’s description of his plant and Schweinitz’ discussion then the latter’s name is a homonym. Thet the plants are not the same might be interpreted from the attempt of Schweinitz to change the name to V. scabriuscula. ‘The argument would be therefore that Nuttall’s plant is really nothing more than a hairy fruited variety of V. pubescens. The following synonomy would show this interpretation of the matter:—
Crocion scabriusculum (Schwein.) Kaczmarek.
V. scabriuscula (Schwein.) T. & G. Fl. N. A. 1 p. 142, (1838).
V. eriocarpa (Schwein.) Am. Jour. Sci. V. No. 1, p. 75 (1822) not V. pubescens variety eriocarpon (Nutt.) Gen. North Am. PI.
- I. p. 151 (1818).
It has been decided to examine the plant anatomically as well as other plants under the old genus Vzola to ascertain whether there are any ecological and anatomical characteristics that would distinguish them from one another.
ECOLOGY OF THE SEEDLING.
The ovules are anatropous. The seeds of brownish tint measure about 1-1.5 mm. in width and 2-2.5 mm. in length and contain endosperm. In germination the root first emerges from the seed and then the hypocotyl begins to elongate with the result that the epigeal cotyledons, sooner or later, appear above the
™ Greene, E. L., Pittonia, 5, p. 87 (1902). 2 Nutt. Gen. Horth Am. Pl. 1, p. 150 (1818).
76 CROCION ACHLYDOPHYLLUM
surface of the soil, fully expand and, begin to perform the functions of assimilation until future foliage leaves appear; then they finally wither and leave two scars in older seedlings opposite the rhizome. This rhizome arises partly from the epicotyl and partly from the hypocotyl. ‘The lower margins of the scars are joined by a shallow line traversing the ventral face of the rhizome. The cotyledons of seedlings examined were more or less, ovate to orbicular in outline with a tendency toward a better development of one half of the lamina. ‘The apices of the cotyledons are notched and a faint yet quite evident mid-rib runs from the apex of the cotyledon to its base. Between the petioles of the cotyledons a very small bud or growing-point pyramidal in shape constitutes the plumule or epicotyl. The plantlet with all the essential organs of vegeta- tion namely primary root (Fig. 1-4, Pr.), hypocotyl (Fig. 1, Hi.), cotyledons with their petioles (Fig. 1, Cot.), and the epicotyl begin subsequent development the rate of which depends upon the appropriation of food entirely from without. Very little food was stored in the cotyledons. Sooner or later after the cotyledons are exposed to the light there are noticeable changes manifested not only in length but also in diameter of all the plant parts. The hypocotyl, however, at first very delicate of nearly equal diameter, begins to expand at the upper extremity gradually tapers as it nears the primary root so that both form a more or less elongated cone with base below cotyledons and apex at the distal end of the primary root. The root ,soon develops many lateral branches beset with root-hairs. The development of foliage leaves from the tissue of the epicotyl proceeds rapidly (Fig. 3A and B). The leaf originates from the node in the axis between the petioles of the primitive leaves and is then carried upward by the development of the lower internode due to vertical expansion. Later, however, there is in the axis of the raised node another leaf formed which is soon separated from the lastly formed leaf and node by tissue that forms another internode. So there is an internode formed after each successive nodal formation differenti- ating the stem into nodes and internodes.
The hypocotyl which until now together with the primary root was approximately in the same vertical plane with it, begins to bend upon itself assuming as it does so a more or less horizontal position, dragging toward the ground its apical part. Once under ground the whole of the hypocotyl with a portion of the epicotyl
‘
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST hin
begins a rapid growth in thickness. The increase in thickness is confined chiefly to the region where the hypocotyl becomes con- tinuous with the epicotyl. The former soon begins to produce secondary roots and these are confined mainly to the lower part. With the appearance of secondary roots, the primary root begins to wither or rot and it is represented in seedlings of further develop- ment as a black filament or scar (Fig. 2). Fig. 3 A shows what is left of it in the second season of growth.
Although the hypocotyl with that part of the epicotyl that becomes subterranean, assumes a diageotropic position or a posi- tion of equilibrium, the primary root maintains and the secondary roots assume a downward growth. It is from this underground diageotropic portion of the seedling that the rootstock develops, the product of the hypocotyl and a part of the epicotyl (Fig. 3-4), the former soon disappearing. If the seed is already underground the hypocotyl when covered with dead leaves or other debris elongates until the cotyledons are exposed to the atmosphere. There are then produced secondary roots from the hypocotyl not far from the cotyledons when the remaining part of the hypo- cotyl together with the primary root decays. As the plant ages the nodes and internodes become more or less horizontal and give origin to many adventitious roots. The more or less transi- tional development of the seedling is shown rather clearly in Fig. 1-4.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION.
During the spring and early summer of the year 1912 and 1913, while studying the cleistogamous flowers of the violets together with the ecology of seedlings and their structure and the- anatomy of mature plants of some of the violets of this region there was found besides some interesting facts regarding the habits and anatomy, one peculiarly characteristic of the plant, namely, that of vegetative propagation. Vegetative propagation, in the sense applicable to this plant and to Crocion pubescens (Viola pubescens Ait.) is possibly shown by others of the same groups also is although not uncommon nevertheless quite rare in the manner about to be described.
While gathering seedlings of this plant in St. Mary’s Ravine, Notre Dame, Indiana, one mile west of the University of Notre Dame, that this fact was first brought to our notice. Seedlings
78 CROCION ACHLYDOPHYLLUM
varying with age were gathered and among them were some plant- lets the roots of which seemed so old and large as to excite suspicion that they were not real seedlings of the previous season’s germina- tion. On tracing the course of the roots it was found that they were those of a central mature plant towards which they radiated inward from all directions. In the majority of cases the plantlets seemed to take origin from roots that had decayed or were decaying and had been severed from the parent plant. Once or twice only was it found that the root that bore a plantlet still had a pronouced communication with the parent, though the region around the origin of the plantlet showed a rather unhealthy condition. This phenomenon, however conclusive called for actual experimenta- tion in order to substantiate former observation in the field.
A number of roots, preference given to those that were fully mature and in normal state of health, taken at random and gathered from many parents not in close proximity were planted in our labora- . tory in boxes. The greatest precautions were used in taking soil specially sifted and selected so as to exclude seeds of violets. Placed in the light, the ground was kept under conditions of moisture and light as near as possible to those of the natural habits of plants. From time to time the roots were examined to see, whether they would show such characteristically localized regions of decay, as seen in those in their natural conditions and surroundings prior to giving rise to young plants. In about three weeks de- generation occurred in the cut ends of the majority. It is from this partially decayed part of the root that a bud soon appeared made up of scales and followed by one or two well developed leaves. This showed conclusively that the violet reproduced new plants vegetatively from old roots. ,
Among the many parts of seedlings and mature plants brought up in parraffin were included besides the mature healthy roots, roots showing different stages of decay with some bearing plantlets for comparative study of the fibrovascular arrangement and also to investigate the region of plantlet origin. The fibro- vascular arrangement was alike in roots showing decay and in those perfectly normal (Fig. 13-14). The plantlets originate from the region surrounding and including the pericycle. The anatomy of these propagated plants was not further studied after deter- mining that they were more or less like seedlings themselves in structure. Fig. 5 shows two old roots severed from the parent,
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 79
the upper one bearing two young plants one some distance from the other at the distal extremity; the lower one, in which decay took place at the extremity next to the parent, bears but one plant. Study of Lophion striatum (Viola striata Ait.) seems to indicate that this process of vegetative propagation takes place also from its roots though no experiments were made to determine this beyond doubt. Subsequent observations of yellow violets in the field show that vegetative multiplication is very common in the members of the Crocion group.
THE ANATOMY OF THE SEEDLING. THE PrimARY Root. (Figs. 6-7).
In’ cross section the single vascular bundle (stele, central cylinder) of the primary root (Fig. 6-7) is well marked being of the radial type with leptome (phloem) on either side of the hadrome (xylem). The hadrome arrangement is diarch exarch; that is, the initial hadrome vessels (protohadrome, protoxylem) are found externally to the subsequent hadrome vessels (metahadrome, metaxylem) which are formed centripetally. The first hadrome vessels developed are of the spiral and annular type of small lumen with the former in the majority. The tracheae of the metahadrome though larger in caliber possess the same markings that the initial tracheae. The vascular bundle is limited externally by a single layer of cells, forming a continuous membrane, the pericycle. This is homogeneous, formed of thin-walled flattened parenchy- matous cells which are bounded externally by the endodermis which encloses the stele.
There is soon developed from the embryonal meristematic tissue the procambium a region of actively dividing cells the secondary meristem or cambium found between the protohadrome and protoleptome giving rise subsequently to secondary hadrome on the inner side and secondary leptome on the outer side.
The extrastelar fundamental tissue (periblem, primary cortex) is limited internally by the endodermis inclusively and externally by the epidermis exclusively. The endodermis is composed of a single layer of cells which show in cross section suberization along their lateral walls. The endodermis in vertical section is differenti- ated from the cells within by elongation in the vertical direction and are somewhat narrower than the cells immediately exterior,
80 CROCION ACHLYDOPHYLLUM
The cells composing the periblem are parenchymatous with cellulose walls more or less polyhedral in outline and elongated vertically. In older specimens the cells become more or less irregu- lar in outline with intercellular spaces and contain few starch grains. The hypodermis is composed of a single layer of cells. These differ from the inner cortical layers of cells in having their cell walls thickened and more so on the lateral and external walls. (Fig. 6 Hy.)
The epiblema is composed of a single layer of cells which are somewhat longer anticlinally. The cuticularisation is much more pronounced than in the cell walls of the hypodermis. The epiblema of more advanced primary roots shows quite an amount of cutin on the outer walls of the cells, where it gives rise to a layer of, more or less, equal thickness (cuticle) (Fig. 6-7 Ep.).
THE Hypocotyy. (Fig. 8).
The cross section of the hypocotyl (Fig. 8) was made a little below the petioles of the cotyledons. The intrastelar tissue although presenting no peculiarities different from those of the well advanced primary root, shows much greater secondary changes. As in primary roots, the protoleptome abutting on the endodermis is still visible though gradually diminishing in size due to the encroach- ment of the secondary leptome. ‘The proto-and metahadrome vessels are surrounded by secondary hadrome vessels of increasing caliber toward the cortex. ‘The secondary tracheae are mostly of the spiral and more rarely of the scalariform type. ‘The endo- dermis which is composed of very irregular cells is very distinct. The cortical parenchyma differs in no way from the cells of the periblem of the primary root as to structure but there is a noticeable increase in size of the cells of the former. Chloroplastids are con- fined chiefly to the layers of the cells exterior to and bordering upon the endodermis and intercellular spaces are scattered through- out the cortex. The cells of the epidermis show a marked cutini- zation on the lateral as well as outer and inner faces.
COTYLEDONS. (Fvg. Q).
The petioles of the cotyledons are somewhat flattened along their ventral and dorsal faces. The epidermis is composed of thick- walled cells in which they are anticlinally larger than periclinally. The ground substance is composed of thin-walled, many-sided,
ieee
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 81
parenchymatous cells rich in chlorophyll and with no intercel- lular spaces. The chlorophyll is confined mainly to the periphery. The centrally placed fibrovascular bundle is of the collateral type with the hadrome facing the upper or ventral face and the leptome pointing toward the lower or dorsal face.
On either side of the main fibrovascular bundle close to the lateral margins of the petiole and along the same plane are situated, among the parenchyma cells two strands of incomplete wood- bundles (Fig. 9 Vs.).
The cotyledons themselves (Fig. 1o-11) in structure are of the bifacial type. In cross section the internal ground-tissue (mesophyJl) is composed of thin-walled parenchyma cells of dif- ferent outline. Just under the upper epidermis (Ep.) there are two rows of more or less elongated cylindrical cells which form a rather compact palisade-tissue; while the cells of the spongy parenchyma, filling the lower half of the ground-tissue, are less regular as to shape and arrangement. Due to this irrevularity the intercellular spaces are much larger in the spongy tissue than they are in the palisade tissue, but there is, nevertheless, free passage from the lower to the upper epidermis. All the cells of the ground-tissue are rich in chlorophyll. In the fibrovascular bundles the hadrome (Had.) is placed superiorly next to the pali- sade tissue with respect to the underlying contiguous leptome (Lep.) next to the spongy parenchyma. The epidermis is com- posed of thin-walled cells in which different stages of formation - of stomata may be observed communicating, when fully developed, with the chlorenchyma by intercellular spaces. (Ep.—Ep’., the former the upper the latter the lower epidermis). A surface view of the epidermis (Fig. 11) shows cells containing many proto- plasmic granules confined close to the walls. The elliptical stomata average about 630 & distant from one another, and the struciure of the upper face differs in no essential way from that of the lower. The epidermal cells in surface view range from 315-540 {4 in width and from 630-1008 u in length.
Tue Epicoty,. (Fig. 12).
The fibrovascular structure (mestome) of the epicotyl presents characters different fr6m those of the hypocotyl. The mestome is arranged into four, more or less, separate strands of no definite shape with secondary meristem occupying the position between
82 CROCION ACHLYDOPHYLLUM .
hadrome and leptome forming open collateral vascular bundles. The intrastelar fundamental tissue is composed of thin-walled parenchymatous cells varying in size with no marked elongation in any direction. The tracheae are spiral, annular, and scalari- form in type, the last mentioned are only occasionally met with.
The endodermis limiting the stele is much more conspicuous than in the hypocotyl both as to uniformity of shape and to the lateral suberization of the cellwalls which, in cross section, appear as dark spots. The remaining cells of the extrastelar fundamental tissue are thin-walled, polygonal in outline and well filled with starch. There are no intercellular cavities found either in the cortex or medulla. Cutinization is so pronouced in the cells of the epidermis that the cell cavities are remarkably reduced.
ANATOMY OF THE MATURE PLANT. THE Root. (Fig. 13-14).
The dermatogen (Fig. 13) is composed of cells which have cuticularised to some extent along the lateral and inner walls and to such an extent along the outer walls that the cuticular membrane so formed becomes. stripped off at irregular intervals forming surface projections. The length of the cells is approximately twice their width. The cells of the hypodermis differ in no marked degree from those of the dermatogen in size; their cell walls, how- ever, are not very much thickened. The entire extrastelar ground- tissue is composed of rather large polygonal thin-walled paren- chymatous cells very much elongated along their vertical axes containing many protoplasmic granules, and an abundance of starch grains which are found as far outward as the epidermis inclusive (Fig. 13 St.). Calcium oxalate crystal aggregates are very common. ‘Two layers of cells next to the hypodermis as seen in longitudinal section (Fig. 14) are from 3 to 5 times as long as broad, the others though of the same width as the former are from 6.5 to 10 times as long. ‘The endodermis though not very distinctive is readily recognized from the rest of the extrastelar fundamental tissue without and from the adjoining tissue within.
The pericycle, well marked in young roots, loses its chara- cteristic appearance partially or entirely, so that it is only occasion- ally able to be differentiated in older roots. The secondary changes in roots that are quite mature are most evident in the hadrome of the fibrovascular bundle where it occupies the entire central portion
we :
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 83
of the stele. The larger vessels of the hadrome are mostly reti- culately pitted (Fig. 14, 8 and 2) and scalariform pitted (Fig. 14, 1). The articulations of the reticulate vessels where the absorbed transverse walls existed are not uncommonly met with (Fig. 14, 8, 2). The vessels of small caliber are usually of the spiral, reticulate and occasionally of the annular type. Scleren- chymatous tissue (wood-fibres) (tracheids) were always found to be present in old roots. The fibres (tracheids) are about 20 times as long as they are broad, tapering at each end and estab- lishing communications with one another by pits. The leptome is not well developed in which the tubes with rugged walls are from 5—10.5 times longer than they are broad.
The longitudinal section of the old root (Fig. 14) shows these
"in order from without inward, dermatogen Ep., hypodermis Hy.,
periblem Cp., endodermis En., pericycle Pe., leptome L., and lastly hadrome H., composed of scalariform pitted (1), reticu- lately pitted (8-2), spiral (4), and annular (6) vessels, with two strands of wood fibres.( 3).
THE RuHIZOME. (Fig. 15-16).
The cell structure of the epidermis possesses the same external wall thickenings that the dermatogen of the root. Immediately under the epidermis are the cells of the hypodermis which are nearly twice as long as broad and as shown in longitudinal section (Fig. 16) together with the epidermis are being replaced by cork tissue (Co) formed from the newly developed phellogen (Ph). The periderm is composed of thinner-walled parenchyma cells (Phelloderm) toward the inside (not shown in section) and brick- shaped cells with suberized walls in very close union toward the outside separated by the cork-cambium. The outer cortical parenchyma is not as compactly arranged as that nearer the stele. The cells vary in shape not uncommonly isodiametric, and have much starch. The starch grains are found even in the epi- dermis." The endodermis stands out clearly both in cross and longitudinal sections, differing in no way from that of the root.
The fibrovascular bundles are of the collateral type with hadrome inferior to the leptome the former appearing as a solid hollow cylinder (Siphonostele). The sieve-tubes reach but half the elongation that they do in roots, and are less sym- metrical as to their lateral wall arrangement. In cross section
84 CROCION ACHILYDOPHYLLUM
the hadrome vessels have a brick-like arrangement, the entire strand of continuous. circumference enclosed the central pith. The tracheae though differing in lumen are mostly all of the reti- culately pitted type, at times, however, spiral and annular vessels are found. In the rootstock the reticulately pitted vessels are much shorter in length than in roots, with cross wall markings as plainly evident as in the latter. The medula is composed of rather thin- walled cells very rich in starchy deposits. Calcium oxalate crystals are quite abundant in both the intra- and extrastelar funda- mental tissues.
‘
THE Stem. (Fig. 17-18).
The mestome bundles are open collateral with hadrome endarch tetrarch. he cambium is confined to the bundles between the leptome on the outside and the hadrome on the inside (intra- fascicular cambium) being interrupted by the seeming equality of the intrastelar fundamental tissue, in which case the interfasci- cular cambium (between the bundles) is hardly at all developed constituting, more or less, an interrupted cambium ring. ‘The bundles are more or less circular in cross section. The ducts of the protohadrome are of small diameter mostly annular, and pass grad- ually to those of the metahadrome and secondary hadrome with large caliber and spiral in type. The scalariform pitted ducts are only occasionally found. ‘The cells of the hadrome parenchyma are thin- walled and elongated along the vertical axis of the stem (Fig. 18 W). The leptome tubes are approximately 1o times longer than broad, of thin walls, and are associated with the companion cells with similar walls attaining but half the length of the cells. The cells of the medulla increase both in width and length as they reach the centre of the cylinder remaining thin-walled throughout their existence. Crystals of calcium oxalate are found within the pith.
‘The endodermis composed of cells of about the same length as breadth with starch grains limits the stele dipping somewhat toward the medulla between the fibrovascular strands. The cells of the cortical region are all parenchymatous and no sclerenchyma was‘ found. Chlorophyll is confined mostly to the outer cells of the cortex, and small intercellular spaces are present throughout this region. ‘The epidermal and the underlying hypodermal cells, including possibly the cells of the third layer, are much alike as to size, shape and arrangement.
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST
(oe) wn
The hairs of the stem are epidermal in origin, confined mainly to the ridges of the stem (Fig. 19 E.), are formed as outgrowths from single superficial cells. In all the hairs examined protoplasm was found to be present containing besides a nucleus with its centrally placed spherical nucleolus, granular deposits (Fig. 19 A.). The hairs, cylindrical in outline with a broad base gradually tapering toward the apex, have their surfaces marked with thicken- ings obliquely to the vertical axes. (Fig. 19 C.).
LEAF. PETIOLE. (F1g. 20-21).
The petioles in cross section are more or less semicircular in outline. The hadrome vessels are spiral and annular with increasing caliber toward the cortical tissue. The narrow companion cells are scattered among the sieve-tubes with heavy cross walls (Fig. 21). The pith is composed of medium-sized cells with many intercellular spaces. The endodermis in cross sections forms nearly a perfect circumference about the stele, while in longi- tudinal section the cells differ very much in height and thickness (Fig. 20-21 End.). Chlorophyll is scattered throughout the extra- stelar fundamental tissue as far inward as the endodermis inclusive, with starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals confined mainly to the inner part of cortex. ‘The cortical parenchyma cells increase in size toward the endodermis. The two lateral vascular bundles one on either side of the central bundle possess vessels of the same type as those of the latter, and nothing equivalent to an endo- dermis sheath.
BLADE. (Fig. 22).
The transverse section of the blade (Fig. 22) was made at about the centre of a fully developed leaf. The chlorenchyma is composed of a single layer of palisade cells compactly arranged abutting the upper epidermis, and loosely arranged parenchyma cells next to the lower epidermis, separated from one another by large intercellular spaces. The striking character of the meso- phyll is the abundance of chlorophyll. The layers of cells immedia- tely under the upper and lower epidermis, 4 or 5 rows in the former and 1 or 2 in the latter region, at opposite sides of the central bundle, are thick-walled (collenchyma) and usually devoid of chlorophyll. The spongy parencyhma viewed from the lower face has many intercellular spaces (Fig. 23), ‘he central wood-
86 CROCION ACHLYDOPHYLLUM
bundle is collateral at the base of the leaf with hadrome next to the palisade tissue, and becomes more or less concentric toward the apex. Cutinization is quite marked in the cells of the lower and upper epidermis. Comparing the face view of the lower and upper epidermis we find that the cell walls of the former are undu- late while those of the latter are straight. The stomata, more or less elliptical, are nearly alike as to outline on both faces, those on the lower outnumbering those on the upper face. (Fig. 24-25, upper and lower epidermis respectively).
THE FLORAL LEAVES. (Fig. 26, a, b, c).
The hairs are simple formed from single cells in which the external wall protrudes giving the fully developed hairs a charac- teristi¢ club shape (clavate) (Fig. 26 c). All the hairs are not of ae length, nevertheless all are notably clavate. They were well filled with protoplasm in which many granules were present (Fig. 26 a). The cell wall of the hairs has markings similar to those found on the hairs of the stem (Fig. 26 b). The epidermis even in so delicate a member as a petal has rather thickened cell walls.
The sub-epidermal tissue is made up of thin-walled paren- chymatous cells (Fig. 26 a Sub.). The section of the petal was made at right angles to its length in all cases in Fig. 26.
RESUME.
The following facts are characteristic of the plant :—
1. The rootstock is developed from the hypocotyl and part of the epicotyl, some of the former, however, soon disappears.
2. ‘The development of plantlets from old roots by “‘vegeta- tive propagation”’ from the region surrounding and including the pericycle. Vegetative propagation was found to be common in the members of the Crocion group.
3. In primary roots the plerome, at all times, was diarch.
4. In mature plants the secondary changes are most evident in the hadrome part of the mestome. It is noticeably large and compact in the rootstock and divided with the leptome in the stem into more less distinct strands.
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.
Fig. 1. Seedling of Crocion achlydophyllum (Greene) Nwd. and Kacz., showing secondary brances (Srb.) of the primary root (Pr.), hypo- cotyl (H1), petioles (Pet.) and their cotyledons (Cot.).
- THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 87
“Fig. 2. Seedling further advanced than in the preceeding figure The primary root is degenerating (Pr.) showing also secondary roots (Se.), cotyledon scars (Cs.), leaf scars (Ls.) and stipular scales (Ss.).
Fig. 3. Lateral (A) and front (B) view of seedling in the second sea- son’s growth. (Pr.) remnant of the primary root, (Sr.) secondary roots, (R. H.) rootstock (rhizome), (C. S.) cotyledon scars, (F.L.) leaf sear (I.N.) first internode, (I.N’.) second internode, (S.S) stipular scales, and (L) young leaf. 1
Fig. 4. A much advanced seedling showing (L.S.) leaf scars which mark plainly the nodes and internodes of the rootstock. (S.R.) Secondary roots, (C.S.), cotyledon scars and (P.R.) primary root.
Fig. 5. Old roots in the state of degeneration giving rise to plants by “vegetative propagation.”
Fig. 6. Cross section ef primary root. (Ep.) epidermis, (Hy.) hypo- dernis, (Cp.) cortical parenchyma, (End.) endodermis, (Pe.) pericycle, (Phad.) protohadrome (protoxylem), (Mhad.) metahadrome (metaxylem), (Lep.) leptome (phloem).
Fig. 7. Cross section of a primary root somewhat advanced in growth showing a fibrovascular supply to a lateral branch (L.B.). (Ep.) epidermis, (End.) endodermis, (Cp.) cells of the cortical region, (P.L.) protoleptome, (Cam.) cambium, (S. H.) seeondary hadrome (secondary xylem), (S.L.) secondary leptome (secondary phloem). The protohadrome and metahadrome vessels are represented with heavy dark walls in the centre of the stele.
Fig. 8. Cross section of the hypocotyl. (Ep.) epidermis, (End.) endodermis, (Cp.) cortical parenchyma, (P. Lep.) protoleptome, (Cam.) cambium, (S. Lep.) secondary leptome, (S.Had.) secondary hadrome, (P.Had.) protohadrome and metahadrome vessels, (I.S.) intercellular spaces.
Fig. 9. Cross section of a petiole of a cotyledon. (Vs.) Cells in the state of division to form a vascular strand, one on either side of the centrally placed fibrovascular bundle. (Lep.) leptome, (Had.) hadrome, (Co.) cortical parenchyma, (Ep.) epidermis. :
Fig. 10. Cross section of a cotyledon. (Ep.) Upper epidermis, (Pp.) palisade parenchyma, (Sp.) spongy parenchyma, (Ep’.) lower epidermis, (St.) stoma, (Had.) hadrome, (Lep.) leptome.
Fig. 11. Surface view of the epidermis with stomata. Upper and lower faces are alike in all respects.
Fig. 12. Cross section of the epicotyl. (Ep.) epidermis, (Cp.) cortical cells with many starch grains (St.), (End.) endodermis, (Med.) medulla, (Had.) hadrome, (Lep.) leptome, (Cam.) cambium.
Fig. 13. Cross section of ati old root. (Ep.) dermatogen, (Hy.) hypoder- mis, (St.) starch within the cells of the cortex (Cp.), (End.) endodermis, (Lep.) leptome, (Had.) hadrome.
Fig. 14. Longitudinal section of a mature root. (Ep.) dermatogen, (Hy.) hypodermis, (Cp.) cortical parenchyma, (En.) endodermis, (Pe.) pericycle, (L.) leptome, (H.) hadrome composed of scalariform pitted (1),
.
88 CROCION ACHLYDOPHYLLUM
reticulately pitted (8 and 2), spiral (4) and annular (6) tracheae with two strands of wood-fibres (3).
Fig. 15. Cross section of an old rootstock. (Ep.) Epidermis, (Hy.) hypodermis, (Cp.) cortex cells with starch grains (St.), (End.) endodermis, (L.) leptome, (H.) hadrome, (Med.) pith cells heavily charged with starch.
Fig. 16. Longitudinal section of a rhizome. (Ep.) Epidermis, (Hy.) hypodermis, (Cp.) cortical parenchyma, (E.) endodermis, (L) leptome, (H.) hadrome in which are shown spiral (c), annular (a), and reticulately pitted vessels of large (f) and small(n) lumen, (St.) starch, (Ph.) phellogen and (Co.) cork.
Fig. 17. Cross section of the stem. (Ep.) Epidermis, (Hy.) hypo- dermis, (Cp.) cortex cells, (End.) endodermis, (Lep.) leptome, (Had.) hadrome, (Med.) medulla.
Fig. 18. Longitudinal section of a stem. (Ep.) Epidermis, (Ry.) hypodermis, (Co.) cortex, (End.) endodermis, (L.) leptome, (H.) hadrome with wood parenchyma (w), (Med.) cells of the medulla in which calcium oxalate crystal aggregates are found (C.R.).
Fig. 19. Hairs on stem. (A.) internal protoplasm with its nucleus (N), nuceolus (O), and protoplasm granules (Pg.), (Cw.) cell wall. Surface view (C.) showing markings (Sm.). The hairs are confined mainly to the ridges of the stem (E.).
Fig. 20. Transvese section of a petiole of a mature leaf. (Ep.) Epidermis, (Hy.) hypodermis, (Co.) cells of the cortex containing calcium oxalate crystals, (End.) endodermis, (Lep.) leptome, (Had.) hadrome, (Med.) medulla.
Fig. 21. Vertical section of the petiole. (Ep.) Cells of the epidermis with thickened outer walls, (Hy.) hypodermis, (Cp.) cortex parenchyma in which chlorophyll (c), starch grains (H.) and crystals of calcium oxalate were found. (End.) Endodermis with chlorophyll, (Lep.) leptome showing sieve-tubes (St.) and leptome parenchyma (Cc.), (Had.) hadrome with spiral and annular vessels.
Fig. 22. Cross section of the middle part of a leaf showing the fibrova- cular bundle of the midrib. (Ep.) Upper epidermis with the underlying layer of 3 or 4 collenchyma cells, (Ch.) chlorenchyma composed of palisade tissue (Pp.) and spongy parenchyma (Sp.), (Ep’.) lower epidermis and sub- epidermal thick-angled cells (Col.), (Lep.) leptome and (Had.) hadrome.
Fig. 23. View of the pneumatic tissue of an old leaf from the under face showing its large intercellular spaces. ;
Fig. 24. Face view of the upper epidermis of a leaf showing the epi- dermal cells with straight walls and stomata.
Fig. 25. Face view of the lower epidermis of a leaf and stomata. The cell walls of the epidermis are undulate.
Fig. 26. <A cross section of the lateral petal cut at right angle to its length. (a) The internal structure and origin of a hair from one of the epi- dermal cells (Ep.), (Sub.) sub-epidermal tissue, (b) surface view of the hair showing cell wall markings, (c) low power dra wing showing the charac- teristic clavate shape of the hairs.
THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 89
-V.—CRITICAL NOTES ON NEW AND OLD GENERA OF PLANTS.
BY J. A. NIEUWLAND.
RHAMNUS.
Some of the plants commonly included among the buckthorns had been even before Linnaeus put into a well recognized genus Frangula. Their generic standing had been adopted by writers as early as Cusa, Dodonaeus, Matthioli, Haller, C. Bauhin (Prod. 160, 1620), Tournefort, and by moderns as late as Asa Gray.* The characterizations by the latter author distinctive from the genus RKhamnus are sufficient to need no repetition here.
FRANGULA (Dodonaeus, Pempt., 6:2:25) ‘Trew, Herb. Blackw. also Miller Gard. Dict., 8th Ed. (1768), Duhamel, Traite Arb. Arbustes I, 246 (1875), etc.
Frangula Alnus P. Miller, 1. c.?
Rhamnus Frangula Linn., Sp. Pl., 193 (1753).
Frangula caroliniana Asa Gray, 1. c.
Rhamnus caroliniana Walt., Fl. Car., ror (1788).
The genus Alaternus might deserve consideration as a genus that may be separated from our aggregate Rhamnus. None of the ° plants are to be found in our region. Cardiolepis (Endotiopis) Raf., Neog. 2, (1825) based on the Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept., 166 (1814) has but two nutlets in fruit and the parts of the flower in 4’s.
APETLORHAMNUS, A New GENUS
The presence or absence of petals when a constant character would seem in itself to be a almost sufficient-reason to segregate 4 plant or plant group in. to a new genus. Many such lately pro- posed have not nearly as notable a reason for existence and are accepted by botanists without question. We have been anything but logical in our admission or non-admission of genera. In any ordinary key for the determination of plants the student is loath to find that he must look both among the Apetalae and the Choripetalae and even perhaps the Sympetalae to be able to find
1 Gen. Pl. 177, vol. Tl (840).
2 This is the stupid duplicate binary Frangula Frangula according to the American codes.
90 OLD AND NEW GENERA OF: PLANTS
plants of one genus! Such is in fact the case with the generally recognized genus Fraxinus of the manuals.’ About the only notable character that determines such a genus is the uniformity of the fruit. Apply such a principle or set of principles to the orchids and what chaos would result! The characters being considered as constant we can scarcely see that petaliferous and apetalous plants should be left in the same genus.
APETLORHAMNUS Nov. Gen.
Small shrub with branches thornless. Flowers pentamerous, solitary, or 2 to 3 in the axils coming out with the.leaves. Petals none: fruit a subglobose drupe with three nutlets, each three grooved.
Arbuscula sine spinis in ramis, floribus cum partibus quinis; singulis vel paucis axillaribus foliis coaetaneis: petalis nullis: fructu drupaceo cum nuculis tribus, canaliculatis.
The genus is quite distinctive by its apetalous flowers. Such an important character alone were enough to require its segrega- tion, a character that can not be overlooked.
Apetlorhamnus alnifolia (L’Her.) Nwd.
Rhamnus alnifolia J, Her., Sert. Angl., 5 (1788).
LITANUM
Talinum parviflorum Nutt. differs considerably from the other members of the genus particularly by having only five stamens whereas the others have always at least twice as many. The presence or absence of a whole whorl of the floral organs is a yery notable variation in flower structure and about as im- portant as the presence or absence of petals or sepals. The capsule is quite different in shape and accordingly a difference in the placentation from the other plants of the group. ‘This plant differs then as much if not more from its present congeners than does the newly made Crunocallis’ from the other Clayvonias.
LitanumM Nov. Gen.
Planta perennis cum foliis teretis linearibus basi dilatatis: pedunculis tenuibus, floribus cymosis parvis, sepalis brevioribus ovatis, acutis: staminibus 5, vel paucioribus, stylo staminibus longiore: capsula elliptica.
Litanum parviflorum (Nutt.) Nwd.
Talinum parviflorum Nutt., T. and G., Fl. N.Am. I, 197 (1838).
’ THE AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST gI
MUSCARI.
In the Illustrated Flora! Dr. Britton has permitted the name Muscaria Haw. for the genus of plants typified by Savxifraga muscoides Wulf. in spite of the fact that there is an older Muscart Miller? accepted in the same work. Surely if Elodes Adanson (1763)3 in the same work renders the Elodes Michx. untenable then the Muscaria Haw. seems a perfect analogy. Both differ by exactly the same variations and a more exact case can scarcely be imagined. Unless one prefers to be dogmatic and arbitrary in matters of nomenclature, one can scarcely be looked upon as logical in accept- ing a name in one case and discarding another in a perfectly similar instance, and for reasons no bit the better or worse. It is probably better to look on the instance of the retention of Mus- caria Haw. as an oversight that could not have come intentionally from a botanist as keen in matters of nomenclature as is the author of the Illlstrated Flora.
That the names are identical is evident from the fact that the monocotyledonous plant name was corrected by Salisbury to Moschariat which sounds guite the same inspite of its varied spelling; for it is the pronounced name that constituted the homonym. Though as far as we can find there has been no other name suggested for the Saxifraga segregate as a genus caption we suggest that of Dactyloides under which it first appeared as a section or subgenus.
DACTYLOIDES (Tausch) Nwd., Nom. Nov.
Muscaria Haw., Saxifr. Enum., 36 (1821), not Muscari P. Miller (1768) 1. c. Triplinervium Sectio Gaudin, Fl. Helv., ITI, 116 (1828), Dactyloides Section ‘Tausch, ex DC. Prod., IV. 23 (1830).
Dactyloides muscoides (Wulf).
Saxifraga muscoides Jacq., Coll. II, 123. Muscaria muscoides Raw, lic.
Dactyloides caespitosa. (Linn.)
Saxifraga caespitosa (Linn.) Sp. Pl., 404 (1753)., Muscaria caespitosa Haw. 1. c. 37.
TEritcon) Ne ly, Lie Blora i) 222) (rors):
2 1. c. I, 510 (P. Miller, Gard. Dict:, 8th Ed. (1768). Sah Cn Toa, Lily esier.:
4 Salisbury, R., Gen. Pl. Frag., 25, (1866).
B25 1S OLD AND NEW GENERA OF PLANTS
HOUSTONIA SEGREGATES.
The group of plants aggregated with Houstonia and having flowers in typical cymes, and funnel shaped corollas have beside, a habit so different from the rest that they well deserve separate generic rank. Rafinesque as early as 1820" had suggested the divi- sion of the group into several subgenera, and it is one of his names which had actually been taken up by Steudel? and is here selected for the group. There is as great a difference between these plants and the typical Houstonias as between Diodia teres’ and typical Diodias the former lately segregated as a genus. These latter can in fact be scarcely said to differ as much in habit.
Chamisme (Raf.) Nwd. Nov. Gen.
Plantae perennes aliguando suffruticosis ab Houstonia habitu distinctae, floribus dimorphicis purpureis vel lilacinis vel albis, corollis infundibuliformibus, cymis aggregatis. Alia ut in Houstonia.
Perennial plants sometimes suffruticose at the base with purplish flowers or pale. Corolla funnel shaped: flowers in leafless cymes terminal.
The perennial often suffruticose habit of these plants is a very notable distinctive character, showing very little resemblance to the tender vernal plants like Houstonia coerulea Linn. which is the type of Houstonia proper.
Type of the genus Houstonia purpurea Linn., Sp. El., 105 (£753)
Chamisme purpurea (Linn.) Nwd.
Houstonia purpurea Linn. l..c.
Chamisme ciliolata (Torr.) Nwd.
Houstonia -ciliolata ‘Yorr., Fl: INKS So 2 Des) (ees
Chamisme longifolia (Gaertner) Nwd.
Houstonia longifolia Gaert., Fruct. I, 226, pl. 49, f. 8, (1788).
Chamisme tenuifolia (Nutt.) Nwd. .
Houstonia tenutfolia Nutt., Gen., I, 95 (1818).
Chamisme angustifolia (Michx.) Nwd.
Houstonia angustifolia Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. I, 85 (1893), Oldenlandia angustifolia (Michx.) A. Gray, Pl. Wright. II, 60 (1853).
1 Rafinesque, C. S., An. Gen. Sc. Phys., XV, 226, 227 (1820).
2 Steudel, EK. T., Nom. Bot., ed. III, 776 (1840).
3 Small, J. K., Flora of Miami, 174, 175 (1913).
THE