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American Homeopathy in the World War

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A merican Homeopathy in the

World War

Frederick M. Dearborn, A. B., M.D.

Editor

ILLUSTRATED

Published by and under the Authority of the Board of Trustees of I'he American Institute of Homeopathy

1923

(•OI’YniiSIlTKI* BV

The American Institute ok HoMEorATUt Marsiiai.i. Firm* Uuu.dinc.

(Miif’AOo. III. lD‘i3

The (Jlobe Press Inc.. New Vork, N. Y. .\nd Montcl.vir, N. J.

Contents

President Harding	10
6^ Dedication	11
Taps	12
^n Meinoriam	13
_T’1 \ Preface	15
^War Activities of Organized Homeopathy	17
Hospital Unit “N”	27
> 1 The Battle of Poiigiies-les-Eaux	43
^^Forty-Eight	111
1 Personal Data •w ^ Medical Corps, U.S. Army	191
195
Dental Corps, U.S. Army	421
J ^ j Line Services, U.S. Army	421
Medical Corps, U.S. Navy	423
^ Allied Services	439

Miscellaneous Services

443

© Harris & Ewin

THE WHITE HOUSE

WASHINGTON

This boolc is designed to preserve in fitting form the story of one section of that aiw of medical and surgical heroes who served with the American forces in the World War.

Even with all the care talcen in its preparation, it makes no pretense of being a con^ilete record. But that would be in^iosslble. The unselfish sacrifices, the heroism, the courage and morale of the men and women who carried on their difficult and trying professional work in conditions which involved not only iimiinent and constant danger but conipelled them to work with the most rudimentary conveniences or none at all — their story makes one of the epics of the great struggle. Just a cross section of one organization's esperiences is given here, but it is a glimpse at the whole moving, tremendous picture. It may well be dedicated as a tribute to the thousands of heroic men and v/omen who as physicians, surgecms and nurses performed their part so well that, whether humanly or professionally, it has been recognized as one of the wonders and glories of the war*

‘‘Day is done, (lone the sun, From tlie lake. From the lulls. From the sky; Safely rest.

All is well,

(iod is love — ' ’

Words of Tops

2ax

Major \Villiam R. Buchanan, U.S. Army, died i\Iarch 5, 1920. Lieutenant AVilliam S. Bull, U.S. Army, killed in action,

October 11, 1918.

Lieutenant G. W. H. Conrad. U.S. Army, died October 29, 1917. Lieutenant Beidram L. Cunningham, U.S. Navy, died October 31, 1918.

Major AVilliam P. Faust, U.S. Army, died Alareh 27, 1919.

Lieutenant John L. Fisher, U.S. Navy, died September 24, 1918. Lieutenant Jesse D. Hand, U.S. Army, died November 2fi. 1918. Lieutenant Richard F. Hill, U.S. Navy, died July 2, 1918.

Captain George H. Hockett, U.S. Army, died December 1, 1918. Lieutenant Jerome McK. Leonard, U.S. Army, killed in action, November 8, 1918.

Captain Henry AV. Lockhart, AI.C. Canadian Army, died in service. Lieutenant AVilliam J. Alartin, U.S. Army, died July 21, 1918. Lieutenant Harold F. Alickley, U.S. Army, died Alarch 16, 1918. Lieutenant Robert H. Alurdock, U.S. Army, killed in action, September 26, 1918.

Lieutenant A. J. Provost, LT.S. Army, died July 7, 1918.

Lieutenant John L. Reid, U.S. Army, died October 15, 1918. Lieutenant Joseph D. Rosenthal, U.S. Army, died October 22, 1918. Lieutenant Hugh T. Ryan, U.S. Army, died October 7, 1918. Lieutenant Harold E. Shear, U.S. Army, died October 3, 1917. Captain Charles A. Sturtevant, U.S. Army, died September 24, 1918. Lieutenant AVarren A. A"an Derveer, U.S. Navy, died October 7, 1918. Lieutenant Homer E. Amn Epps, U.S. Army, died October 17, 1918. Lieutenant Clarence H. AA^hite, U.S. Army, died November 12, 1918. Alajor Perry C. AA^^illiams, U.S. Army, died April 3, 1921.

Lieutenant Royden B. Yoder, U.S. Army, died December 9, 1918.

Nurse Anna M. Breen. Base Hospital No. 48, died November 17, 1918. Nurse Evelyn Petrie, Base Hospital No. 44, died Alay, 1918.

Nurse Elizabeth AAYiman, Base Hospital No. 48, died November 6, 1918.

Nurse Alargaret AA'orth, Base Hospital No. 48, died October 22, 1918.

Dietitian Alarion H. Peck, Base Hospital No. 44, died February 17, 1919.

Corporal Harold R. Blake, Base Hospital No. 44, died Alarch 19, 1919. Sergeant Elmer R. Bolinder, Ba.se Hospital No. 44, died February 17, 1919.

Private Edward A. Gurrv, Base Hospital No. 48, died October 20, 1918.

Private Claude I. Parrott, Ba.se Hospital No. 44, died October 13, 1918.

Private Harold Riggs, Base Hospital No. 48, died February 11, 1919. Private John H. Staacke, Base Hospital No. 64, died October 6, 1919.

Hahnemann ^lonumcnt, Wasliinglon, I).

Preface

'C the Amiual Meeting of the American Institute of Honie-

opathy lielcl in Asbnry Park, N. J. in June 1919 the Editor of this volume urged in his Business Address as President of the Institute that suitable steps be taken to pnl)lish a war record of American Homeopathy. At this time, details of the great conflict, so recently closed that many of our number were still in service, held the interest of all concerned. In the Fall of this year our Grem'ral Office in Chicago was instructed to send out a service ques- tionnaire to all of the homeopathic profession. With this infor- mation in hand the work of compiling and sifting has steadily pro- ceeded during the past three years. Knowing full well that any postponement of the pul^lication of these records would necessitate thorough revision and as time progressed a certain lack of interest and loss of detail would ensue, it was deemed l)est to procni’e quick action. However, other matters of greater and graver import compelled the Trustees of the Institute to withhold the necessary financial grant until the meeting at Chicago in June 1922 when final authorization was given.

The Editor was appointed a committee of one in 1920 to un- dertake the publication of the war records so that the deeds of the splendid units representing organized homeopathy and those of individual men and women serving in the war might be perman- ently preserved for themselves and posterity. Doctors Wesley T. Lee of Boston and Gill^ert FitzPatrick of Chicago were added to the committee by the Editor. Annual reports as to progress were presented at each meeting of the Institute since 1919. At almost any period since 1920 the volume here presented could have l)een published had conditions permitted. Under the circumstances it has been necessary to entirely rewrite the manuscript and revise the records during the past year so as to note recent changes.

Tlie American Institute of llomeo])atliy is indebted to our President, the J lonorable Warivn (h llardins,-, for his syin])athetic dedication and for his thono-htful interest in ])erniitting' the ])uh- lication of a ])lioto,2;ra])h of liiinself. Acknow](‘dg'(‘inent is here made to the Suroeon (fenerals of tlie Army and Xavy for ])ermis- sion to consult tlieir official records. AVithout this lielp it would have been indeed difficult to ])resent an antlu'utic record.

AVhile the Editor might lament the inertia and lack of interest shown by a large minority of the ])rofession, it is a far more ])leas- ant duty to a])])land those who have lent a hel])ing hand. For the never failing interc'st of (leneral C'harles E. Sawy(>r and the val- uable conti'ibutions of Doctors l^oval S. ('o])cland, lEd])li A. Stew- art and AVesley T. I.ee grateful a])])r(‘ciation is hei-(‘ ex])ressed. Dean Sutherland of Doston Eidversity, Dean Pearson of ‘‘Old Hahnemann,” Doctors J. Harlan AVells, (Jilbert 7-’'itzlhitrick, Sarah Hobson, '^riiomas E. Oostain, Edgai' II. Howell and Jacob D. Deuel, Captain Paul AF. Patter.son of the Army aud Comman- der Joel T. Boone of the Xavy and others have given willingly of their time and enei'gy to hel]) insure the success of our undertak- ing. For his s])lendid s])irit of coo])ei'ation our thanks are due to Air. T. K. (Jai-dmu- of the (ilobe Press. ])rint(*rs of this volume.

-lune 192)1,

X('w A'oi'k ('itv.

U^ar Activities of Organized Homeopathy

CHARLES E. SAWYER

0 Edmonston

l’)i-i":ulier (Joncral ('harles Iv Sawyer

^Ienil)or, (iencral Medical Hoard. Council of National Defense.

Seci'etarv, Volunteer Medical Service Corps of America. Tru.stee and K.\-President. American Institute of 1 lomeo])atliy.

JVar Activities of Organized Homeopathy

CHARLES E. SAWYER

WHILE a few graduates of homeopathic colleges were in the regular Medical Corps of the Army and Navy and in the U.S. Public Health Service prior to the Great War, organized homeopathy as such was not recognized by these divisions of the Government. The experiences of some of our meniljers during the Spanish- American War reacted unfavoraljly upon the school at large and in a few of the states it was (juite difficult for a home- opath to be appointed to the Medical Corps of the National Guard. These facts seemed so unfair to those charged with the respons- ibility of national homeopatlnc affairs that it was deemed advis- able by the officers of the American Institute of Homeopathy to develop and carry out some plan whereby the al)ility, ambition and capabilities of the homeopathic doctor could become a recog- nized part of government service in the existing exigency — the World War. At the regular meeting of tlie American Institute held ill Rochester in June 1917, this condition of affairs was fully discussed and the President appointed a committee, consisting of Doctors Charles E. Sawyer of Marion, O., Frederick M. Dearborn of New York City and Scott Parsons of St. Louis, Mo., to procure equal recognition. The Board of Trustees of the Institute direc- ted the committee to proceed to Washington in order to arrange > for the reception of certain homeopathic hos]iital units and to ])ro- cure the induction into the service of individual homeopathic phy- sicians. These items attended to, organized ]ionieo])athy would be officially recognized and further participation might be con- sidered a logical outcome.

It was decided that Doctors Sawver and Dcarboiai should dis-

' » ' t ' *

cuss the matter .pet^onally with Siu'geoii (ieueral Goi-gas. Within a few days of the meeting- at Rochester they souglit a conference with the Surgeon (Jeneral in Washington and were referred l)y him to an officer who was in charge of medical recruiting. 'Diis man was of the type who was a])t to be a bit discouraging and even discourteous. Fortunately, he referred the committee to C'olonel Robert F. Noble (later ]\Iajor (Jeneral Noble), the Personnel Of- ficer, who at that time was acting upon applications for positions in the Medical Reserve Cor])s. General Noble was considerate and, after listening to the committee's story and hearing that a thousand com])etent and ca])able ])hvsicians and surgeons would be glad to volunteer for service, was favorably im])ressed. The committee further recpiested that all barriei's be withdrawn so that homeo])athic ])hysicians might be acc(‘])ted into the service without restriction. General Noble regarded all these ])roposi- tions as feasible and ])ersonally satisfactory to him. However, like all military details at this stage of the war the committee found great difficulty iu ])rocuring affii'inative action on the ]>art of departmental officials highei- u]).

Realizing that stronger arguments would be lu'cessarv and that ])ositive evidence must he ])i-esented, the committee ap])ealed to the War De])artment thru the Medical Section of the C’ouncil of National Defense. It was re<iuested that the homeo])athic ])ro- fession be called to a confei-ence to be addr(‘ss('d bv the Surgeon General and such other individuals as Doctoi- Franklin Martin, the Executive of the Medical Section, might deem best fitted to discuss with homeopathic i-e])resentatives the subject of their col- lective ])artici])ation. So it was that the Exc'cutive ('ommittc'e of the American Institute called to Washington the heading home- opaths of the entire Fnion. This numlx'r included our foremost teachers and be.st known clinicians with the ])residents and secre- taries of thirty-one state societies. ]More than a hundred leaders in the profession met in conference on July 27th at the Willard Hotel in Washington.

This introduction of the prof(‘ssion to tho.se in chai-ge of mili- tary affairs in Washington was so effc'ctive and ini])ressive that it

was immediately agreed that homeopaths should L'te taken into the service on the same basis as those of other schools of medicine. This action was the foundation of the service finally rendered by organized homeopathy. At the close of the conference it was agreed by the committee that onr branch of the profession should provide a thousand officers for the Medical Reserve Corps. These selections we felt sure would he capable of passing all tests re- quired by either the Army or Xavy for indnctioii into service. At the time it may have looked as if this was a large obligation on the part of the committee and might seem to express an exagger- ated confidence in the cai)acity of onr organization. However, it is gratifying to note that not a thousand l^iit 1,862 men of onr school eventually were commissioned. This total includes a few who received line commissions or were officers in the uniformed Red C ross.

At the time of this gathering in Washington at least three hundred of onr number were alreadj'^ in the service, having pre- viously been in the National Guard or the Regular Army. This splendid contingent together with those who afterward volunteered and were accepted, rendered most capable and distiiignished ser- vice. They received their due proportion of promotions, citations and decorations and likewise suffered to the extent that twenty- five of their number died in the service. In every sense of the word onr branch of the profession made a glorious record and it is onr right and privilege to be duly proud of it.

No record of the activities of organized homeopathy vconld be complete without referring to onr medical students. Over six hundred of these young men were attached to the branches of the Student Army Training Corps in the various universities and in- dependent medical colleges in which homeoi^athy was taught. An appreciable minority of these medical students enlisted in combat divisions and rendered service of a more active nature. The nurs- es of onr various training schools all over the conntrv earlv en- tered the seiwice until a number estimated at 1,500 had enrolled. The three distinctly homeopathic units, those raised by the Mas- sachusetts Homeopathic Hospital, the Flower H(^s])ital and the Metropolitan Hospital, were almost entirely manned by home-

William ]’>. \'an l.ciiiiop, M.D.

Member, General i^ledioal Board, (’ouueil of Xational Defense. Dean. Ilabnemann IMcdical Gollofre. Philadeli)lda. 1!)10-1!)14 nied •Innuuni 9. 1919.

opatliic gTadiiates Avhile a i lumber of other units, such as that of the Eochester General Hospital, eontainecl a large x)roportion of nurses from our training schools. A sej^iarate article in itself could 1)6 written of the deeds of these splendid women who, in many instances, were decorated and otherwise honored for their services at home and abroad. Xo one who has lived thru the stir- ring times of the Great War can forget the Draft Board Service. About 1.100 of our physicians served on these boards and on the Boards of Appeal, thereby giving freely of their time and effort in order that our country could raise a national army on demo- cratic principles. While a goodly number of our men and women served on various County, City and State Councils of Defense, we were officially and nationally recognized by the appointments of Doctors Florence X. Ward, Charles E. Sawyer, Charles E. Kalilke aiid William B. Van Lennep to the Medical Section of the Council of Xational Defense and by the selection of Doctor Anna II. Shaw as chairman of the Womens Section of the Conncil.

Aside from membership in the Medical Cor|)s of the Army and Xavy, Public Health Service, S.A.T.C. and Draft Board activities, there was another matter which j^resented itself to the Country at large which was a more trying experience than that of inducing men to volunteer for active service. It is one thing to put on a uniform and participate in actual war and it is a far more difficult matter to submit to discipline and to give service without any particular glory. After a large numljer of our doc- tors had been called upon to assist in the building up of our great army it was impressed upon the authorities that the people at home, some hundred and five million in nnm1)er, needed attention. This was particularly true 1)ecause all that went to make up the army, to provide food, make munitions and construct equipment must of necessity be done at home.

Investigation showed there were many sections of the United States that were left without medical service. Entire counties in almost every state of the Union were found to l)e without a practicing physician. This brought even greater consterjiation than did the subject of recruiting for the Reserve Corps, because it demonstrated that the source of supply for local demands was

Florence N. Ward,

Member, Genei-al Medical Boai’d, Council of National Defense. Trustee and Vice-President, American Institute of IIomeo])athy. Died December 15, 1919.

nearly exhausted. Out of this necessity, which was very apparent to all of the doctors remaining' at home, an organization known as The Volunteer Medical Service Corps of America was formed. This organization was at first necessarily largely a paper organ- ization. Early in 1914 the threatening needs had l)een well can- vassed, general policies had been established and the underlying principles had been cjuite thoroughly evolved, but there was need- ed a real, working, active, organized plan of execution to carry on the work effectively.

Doctor Franklin Martin, who was the head of the organiza- tion, wired Doctor C. E. Sawyer of Marion, O. and requested that he come to Washington to help work out and develop a system whereby the needs of home service could be provided for. By un- animous vote of the Volunteer Medical Service Corps then exist- ing, Doctor Sawyer was made secretary of this organization. He was also appointed a member of the Medical Section of the Council of National Defense and was given other responsibilities which made it necessary for him to remain in Washington. Here with the assistance of other representatives of the Corps then stationed in Doctor Martin’s office, there was developed a scheme of organ- ization for the Volunteer Medical Service Corps. This resulted in 77,000 doctors throughout the United States signing a pledge to render service whenever called upon whether in the Reserve Corps of the Army or Navy, Public Health Service, or on any as- signment that might be given them anywhere in a civilian capa- city.

In my opinion volunteering for this service was the very high- est expression of patriotism that was ever manifested by the citi- zens of any nation in the world. The agreement which these men signed obligated them to leave their business upon a moment’s notice and go wherever they might be delegated to serve, without compensation and for any length of time that might be required. By this arrangement physicians in many states of the Union were taken out of the larger centers and sent into smaller fields to care for all needing professional service — a duty and responsibility glorious and effective. While we have everlasting gratitude for those who went into the service of their Country as volunteers in

the Medical Kes(‘rve (’or|>s, we imist frankly state that we as Americans owe as miicli in tin* way of I'c'sju'ct and consideration to the memlKcrs of the X’olunteei- Medical Service (V)i‘])s as to tliose in tlie l^eserve C'or])s. 1 wisli to g-o on rc'cord as expressing a feel- ing, that the homeopathic ])rofession did subscribe, almost to a man, to the tenets of the A^oliinteer Afedical Service Corj)s and tliat all such AMlimteers are entitled to gi-eat ]>raise and the liigh- est appreciation by all American citizens.

There really was no more trying ])osition to fill than that of a man in the Volunteer Aledical Service Cor])s. This association did not afford the distinction of uniform, the influence of com])en- sation. or the glorv of combat, but it did demand sacrifice of busi- ness, separation from friends and family and many of the ])riva- tions of active warfare on the battle-frmit. Because of this really lieroic service rendered without C()mj)ensation, rank or ])ublic acclaim, I would offer as a token of esteem for all homeo])aths so enlisted the gratitude and benediction of an a])])r('ciati ve audience. It is my lio])e that when the final and com])leted history of the AA'oiId AVar is written it will register the names of the members of the A^olunteer Aledical S(>rvice C'or])s as it will those in active fields of service.

Hospital Unit ‘W”

which later became

United States General Hospital No. 5 at Ft. Ontario, N. Y.

Organized by the New York Homeopathic Medical College and Flower Hospital

ROYAL S. COPELAND

RALPH A. STEWART

(£) Underwood & Underwood

Tnited States Senator Royal S. Copeland

Dean, New York Ilomeopathie Medieal Colletre and Flower Hospital, 1908-1018.

Commissioner of Health, City of New York, 1018-1023.

TJje First Flomeopathic Unit

ROYAL S. COPELAND

IN the organization of Unit “N,” Flower Hospital gained the distinction of establishing Homeopathy’s right to government- al recognition. It can be said to the credit of President Wilson, Secretary Baker and Surgeon General Gorgas that Homeopathy was promised equal opportunity in the plans for national defense. Unfortunately, however, the desires of those in authority are not always carried out bv the administrative officials.

The beginning of hostilities found the United States poorly prepared. The heads of departments were driven and distracted. It was extremely difficult to gain access to the prime actors in the great tragedy. On this account it was not easy to get decisions on important matters. The under officials dreaded to accept respons- ibility. Not until the war had progressed considerably were the weak, vacillating and irresponsible personages weeded out of the service. As in every other enterprise, until the seriousness of the project was realized, efforts were made to place favorites and in- dividual prejudice was given full play. It was hard to break through this armor plate of pettiness and irresponsibility.

I shall never forget that memorable April 28th, 1917, when Major Ralph A. Stewart and I bearded the Red Cross lion in his den. Failing to get action on our earlier appeals made by mail and telephone, we went to Washington under instructions from the Trustees and Faculty of the New Y^ork Homeopathic Medical College and Flower Hospital to ask authority of the Red Cross to form an Army Base Hospital. Our very good friend. Assistant Surgeon General Robert E. Noble, had advised us that Col. Jef- ferson R. Kean of the Medical Corps, had been made Director General of Military Relief of the American Red Cross. To Col. Kean had been given authority to organize hospital units. We

New York Koincopathic ^Icdical College and Flower Hospital.

PIOSPITAL UXIT “N "

O

kJ

1

proceeded to the Red Cross Building’ for the exciting interview which followed.

Col. Kean was frankly reluctant to give permission to Flower Hospital to enlist a Unit. He raised every possible objection, chief of which was that the government would authorize no moi'e Red Cross Base Hospital Units, because a sufficient nnml)er had been approved to snp])ly the existing needs. By this time Col. Kean was circumnavigating the room, making a conij^lete circle at least once in two minutes. Catching him by the coat-tail I drew him back into his chair, saying: “What is the real reason yon look with disfavor on our patriotic re(piestF’ Then it came out: “Flower Hos]htal is a homeopathic hospital, is it not ?’’ “It cer- tainly is,” I replied, “but what has that to do with the rpiestion at issue?” There followed a long discussion on homeopathy and the legal standing of homeopathic graduates. The Colonel ’s questions sounded like a voice from the tomb.

Finally, Col. Kean was convinced that homeopathic physi- cians possessed medical and surgical skill, as well as patriotism. AYe had paved the way and opened the gates so that eventually organized Homeopathy and its Units from Boston and Xew Y'ork entered the army and had a part in ending the great conflict. Of course there were other hurdles to jump, as Director AYilliam F. Honan of the Metropolitan Unit can testify. Together we made a trip or two to AYashington in the interest of the Aletropolitan Base Hospital, but in the end it all came out right. Homeopathy had its chance aiid rose nobly to its privileges and o]:>x:)ortunity.

Under date of April 30th, 1917, Col. Kean wrote me as follows :

The American Red Cross, 'Washington. D. C.

30th April 1917.

Dr. Royal S. Copeland

Flower Hospital

58 Central Park West. New York City.

My dear Doctor Copeland ;

In confirmation of our conversation I hereby authorize you to

organize, as its Director, a Hospital Unit at Flower Hospital, New

32

Amehicax Homeopathy ix the World War

York City. I will be |?lad to receive your formal aceeptanee of this appointment and duty.

Literature and muster-in rolls are bcin<>^ sent under separate cover.

It is hoped that you will select a Chief Nur.se who will be able to get together a fine detachment of nurses for this unit. Please let me know at your earliest convenience, if you have not already done so, the name of the nurse selected for this important position, in order that I may refer it to the Director of Nursing Bureau, this office, for confirmation.

It is thought, in view of the fact that war has come and there is a prospect of sufficient appropriations by the government for medical and hospital purposes, that it will not be necessary in the future to call on Red Cross Chaptcre to furnish funds for the purchase of equipment for Hospital Ldiits, and that this equi])ment will be sup- plied by the iMedical Department of the Army.

The designation of your unit will be HOSPITAL UNIT “N.”

Very sincerely yours,

(signed) d. R. KHAN

Director (Jeneral of Military Relief.

Tlie story of the organization and the activities of the Flower Hosjtital Unit is told in Major Stewart's words in the article that follows. It is a matter of pride to all the friends of Homeopathy that all our hospital organizations, contributions to the cause of patriotism and the world’s protection, did their duty, winning fame and the undying appreciation of the Nation. They served and suffered in order that the cause of civilization might live.

Unit and General Hospital No. 5

RALPH A. STEWART

TMMEDIATEIA" after the entrance of the United States into the war, the Board of Trustees and Eaeulty of the Xew A^ork Homeopathic Medical College and Flower Hospital asked author- ity of the Red Cross to form an Army Base Hos])itaL To the bit- ter disappointment of the college authorities the Red Gross replied that the goYernment would authorize no more Red Cross Base Hospitals for the present l)ecause a sufficient number were in the process of formation, ])ut that Hospital Units were needed and their formation would 1)e authorized. Thereupon, Dean Royal S. Copeland was directed to ask ])ermission to form a hospital unit and this was granted under date of April 30, 1917.

Dean Copeland was designated Director of the Uiiit and he began immediately to asseml)le the personnel. By June 11th the necessary quota of officers, nurses and enlisted men was ol)tained. Before the organization was completed, our Faculty l)y unanimous vote decided that the best interests of the college demanded that the Dean remain at his post and that some other Director ))e selec- ted to head the Unit. This was in line with the policy of the Fed- eral Goyernment to keep the medical colleges of the country going at full capacity so that the supply of young doctors might not be lessened. The Red Cross accepted the decision of the Faculty and appointed as Dean Co]xdaiKFs successor. Doctor Ralph A. Stew- art. Dean Copeland accepted gracefully the decision of his Fac- ulty but I feel sure it was one of the greatest disappointments of his life that he could not head the Unit. He continued to work for it and was of the greatest help throughout its service.

Commissioned Personnel, Plower H(>si)ital I'nit “N” at Ft. Ontario, N. V, Oetol)er I'^ronl Kow - Lieut. Wilcox, ('apt. Podenheimer, ('apt. Dni'cmus, .Major Stewai't , Lieut. Col. 'I’homason. Ca|)t. ( 'oiaiwcll. Ca|)t. Thompson.

Pack Kow — Lieut. Si)aldin<;, Lieut. ( 'unniiij,diam, Cajit. White, Lieut. Keeler, Lieut. W'illan, Capt. Burns, Lieut. Whit marsh.

Hospital U nit ‘ ‘ N ”

35

The following comprised the personnel :

OFFICJ^RS

	Original Rank	Final Rank
Ralph A. Stewart	Major	Major
John F. White	Captain	Major
Arthur F. Thompson	Captain	Major
Frank W. Cornwell	Captain	Major
IMilton Bodenheimer	Captain	Major
Widmer E. Doremus	Lieutenant	Major
Robert H. 5Yhitmarsh	Lieutenant	Captain
Donald E. Brace	Lieutenant	Captain
Maxwell G. Keeler	Lieutenant	Captain
Clark A. Wilcox	Lieutenant	Captain
John J. Cnnningham	Lieutenant	Major
Edward II. Willan	Lieutenant	Captain
Lyman J. Spalding	Lieutenant	Lieutenant
Doctor Doremus resigned from the Unit before it was ordered
to Fort Ontario and Doctor Whitmarsh took	his place. However,
through some misunderstanding, Doctor Doremus was ordered to Ontario with the Unit and served with it as Officers’ Instructor
and Detachment Commander up to Decemlier, when he was or- dered back to Ft. Oglethorpe where he was serving when ordered
to join the Unit. He	was a most capaltle officer and the entire
personnel of the Unit was loath to have him leave.
	NURSES
Edna Burger	Ida Landon	Jennie B. Powers,
Katherine Cavanaugh	iMary K. Lee	(Chief Nurse)
Bessie Files	Grace A. MacMillan	G. Prances Pugh
Hazel Gaul	Hester A. Page	Carrie L. Schopps
Laura Goodine	Margaret Perkins	Nellie Stone
Henrietta A. Grim	(tlive Perry	Rose Wheeler
Jean i\I. Henry	Bella Powell	Lillian M. Young
	CLERKS
Anna II. Jerome	Pierre Loving	Lewis F. Hyatt
	ENLISTED MEN
Pierre Loving	Leonard Levi	Philip A. Daley
Lewis F. Hyatt	George H. Aljrams	Allan B. iMichaeles
L. D. Friestedt	Leigh Danenberg	Herbert Waldman

Officoi’s, Xurs('s and I'dilislcd M('n of I’'Io\v(t Hospital I’nil “X,” Octohor 1!M7. 'Phis I Hit Comprised the Xiieleiis ol' I .S. Army (iCiH'ial llospital No. o,

I'd. Ontario, X. V.

Hospital Unit “N’

37

Floyd J. Carter Garibaldi M. Lapolla Charles Fay Keginald G. Short Frank Newman W. M. Barker Robert Acampora R. Isaac Noble Milton H. Chamberlain Harold L. Qnantin Albert H. Clagston John N. Barnett Wilfred A. Beardsley Irwin D. Foos

Charles N. Ballist Leslie C. Bemis Adelbert E. Pulsifer Charles W. Rogers Frederick G. Ehrenberg Newton Mcri'ill Vincent D. Cicio Edmond J. Paquette S. P. Pedrick Frank W. Boyd Kenneth B. Sparks Curtis Sprague Frederick S. Dunn Charles P. Reynolds

Harry T. MacNabb Ludwig Benerman H. Victor Main AVilliam H. Cloudman Alartin Hiney Ralph AV. AValsh Harry T. Cunningham Alassini S. Lapolla Joseph A. Driscoll Edwin S. Race Genersic C. DeLeon Henry Course, Jr. Donald B. Thoeburn

By June lOtli all the doctors selected for the staff had received their commissions in the Officers Reserve Corps of the Army. Soon thereafter the nurses chosen were sworn into the service of the Red Cross and the detachment was enlisted in the Army. Then followed a period of waiting for assignment to duty. All were anxious to get into service and time hung heavy. Bi-weekly drills about the streets of Flower Hospital helped to keep alive the in- terest of the Corps. The Ladies’ Auxiliary of Flower Hospital AA^ere busy getting together the requisite supplies of surgical dres- sings. Through the efforts of Doctor William Tod Helmuth and his friends sufficient funds Avere collected to purchase the desig- nated surgical instruments. He also obtained donations of three ambulances, one truck and a seven passenger automobile. This equipment Avas not authorized for hospital units but it proved a great blessing and Uncle Sam seemed not a bit loath to accept and use it.

After what seemed an interminable period of time to all con- cerned, orders Avere receiA^ed for the Unit to proceed to Fort On- tario, N. Y. to become the nucleus of the personnel of a base hos- pital Avhich Avas to be formed there by Lieut. Col. Henry D. Thom- ason. Two of the officers Avere ordered there July 2nd as an ad- vance guard. The corps folloAved August 2nd, the remaining of- ficers August 15th, and the nurses arrUed around September 1st.

38

A^rKHicAX Homeopathy ix teie Wohed War

So filially the entire Unit was assi'inhU'd at Fort Ontario ivady to begin the arduous task of establishing a base hosjiital, designated No. 51 and changed to U.S.A. Oeiieral llosjiital No. 5 in December 1917.

Hospital Unit “N" as an entity had only this one assignment. Five of its officers served there continuously. The remaining seven officers, the nurses and corps saw stu’vice elsewhere, but only after being detached from tlu‘ Unit. 'rii(*refrom, the history of Unit “N'' is a ])art of the history of F.S.A. (leiuu-al Hosiiital No. 5.

The organization (wlu're it was otluu' than plain hard work) was a militaiA' I’atlu'r than a ])rofessioual Job but it was a novel ex]H'ri(Mice and everyone s(‘t about it with a vim. Ihd'ore long out of an Infantry Dost with tlu‘ usual bai-raeks buildings, store house's, officers' (luartc'rs and Fost llosieital (a miniature affair of twelve' be'ds) graelually aritse' the' se'mblaiie-e' of au in.stitutieen which very soon took em the' a])i)e'ai'ane-e' and fuiie-tion of a e-re'ditable hos- ]utal e)f live hundreel beds.

The' hos])ital was re'aely be'foia' many jeatie'iits arrivi'el, so the time' was utilizeel by eeltie-e'rs aiiel me'ii in routine' military instruc- tiem anel drill. 9’lu' eeffie-e'rs ae-e-omplislie'el a e-oiii'se' pre'se-ribeel feir medie-al office'rs training e-amps anel the- e-oi-ps be'e-anu' e'X]>ert in military instme-tiein anel eli-ill. be'sieh' gi\ing e-onsiele'i-able time te) instrue-tiem in he)S])ital dutie's. During the' e'ai'ly months of our Country's ])artici])atiem in the* war. the' Inesjeital aelministrative weirk was hanelleel by the' nu'elie-al office'rs. Late-r this was changeel anel the aelministrative e'lul was take'ii e-ai'e' of by eefficers of the Sanitary Corps. So it ha])])e'iu'el that (»ni‘ eloe-toi-s were immeeliate- ly given administrative we)i-k which e'ni|)love'el e'itlu'r tlu'ir entire time eu‘ a part of it. Thus with aelminist niti ve' anel ])i'ofessional work, the ])ersonnel eluring the' first winte'i- (1917-18) manageel to ke'('p comfortably busy anel fairly e-onte'iite'el. 'The' nove'lty of army work maele all reaseenably hap])y anel the' hojee' anel e'X])e'e-tation of orelers any day to over.seas duty kept eve'iyeenc een the epii vive.

Hospital Unit “N”

39

The air was full of rumors; every week liroiig'lit a new batch. Tiiese helped out the long winter montlis.

Our hospital received patients from Syracuse Camp, Madison Barracks and Pine Plain Camp which were from thirty to seventy miles distant. Three hundred eases were sent from Camps Dix and Devens for operation, during this winter. From all sources the hospital had an average census, during the first ten months of its existence, of one hundred and thirteen cases. From June 1918 the work of the hospital increased, due especially to greater activ- ity at Syracuse Camp, to the arrival of overseas cases in constant- ly increasing numbers, and the epidemic of influenza which was paidicularly severe in all the territory in Northern New York served by our hospital. At the height of the epidemic in Septem- ber 1918 the hospital, with a normal capacity of five hundred and fifty beds, had a census of eleven hundred. Barracks and hospital buildings under construction were utilized and crowded to capa- city with patients. The average census for the last fourteen mouths of the life of the hospital was six hundred.

(feneral Hos]utal No. 5 was designated for genito-urinary cases. After the first ten months of its existence there was always a large genito-urinary service, largely from Syracuse Camp which was at the time filled with deferred class men. The hospital, how- ever, was never strictly genito-urinary. It was always general in woilv as well as in name. General sui-geiy averaged the largest service, genito-urinary conditions, second, medicine, third, eye, ear, nose and throat, fourth, dental, fifth and neuropsychiatry, with a service which averaged around thirty, brought up the rear. At one time the hospital was considered for neuropsychiatry ex- clusively, and all the patients with their officers, nurses and corps from Dansville General Hospital were sent to Ontario upon the closing of the Dansville institution. After a couple of months stay they were retransferred to the general hospital at Hampton Roads, Va. During the winter of 1917-18 our hospital had upwards of one hundred cases of tuberculosis and there was a rumor that the hospital was to be used for this class of cases. Tubercular

40

A.MI.KICA.N I lO-AlKOPA'l'll V IXTIIK WoiU.l) WaH

cases (‘sju'cially well in this cliniat(‘, sti’anii'e as that may

seem, as the* hospital was on the shores of Lake Ontario. The X-Lay and Pathological Lahoi-atories were fully e(iuip])ed and mainu'd with (‘xcellent oriicers in their i'es]U‘ctive lines. L.S.A. Genei’al IIos])ital No. 5 was a w('ll balanced institution and tinely equi])ped to handh' snew'ssfnlly a ^'enei-al class of work.

About holiday tinu‘, 1017, occui-red the Hrst hri'ak iu the ])ei- sonnel of the Lint. Limit. Lyniau d. Si)aldinti- i'ec(‘iv(“d oi-ders to ])roceed to tlie -Medical Ti-ainine,- ( 'aiuj) at Ft. ( )2;lethorpe. In iMay following. Major 'I'hompson and (’aj)tain Keeler W(*re oi'dered to Cam]) Syracuse'. About the' same' tinu* a score of our cor])s was detached from tlu' Fnit and hecanu' j)art of a i’e])lac(‘inent unit and sent ove'rseas. Soon tlu‘rc‘aftei‘ ('aj)tain Hi’ace was ordere'd to Allentown, Fa. to join an aiu'sthete'tic unit foi’ining thei'e for over- seas duty, hut ])lans weu'i' (-hangc'd and the Ca])tain missed his o]>- portunity to serve' ahroael. Late* in August Majors White ami He)denheimer re'e-e'ive'd oreh'is to join Kvae-nation Ilos])itals feirm- ing in Weste'i’ii e-ainjis, ari-iving in Frane-e' a tew elavs hefeere the Armistice was sigiu'el. (’a])tain ( 'nnningham anel te'n e>f tlie enlist- eel men were transfe'i’re'el to Fase Hospital No. 70 feu'ming at Ft. Ontario nneler the auspice's (d‘ F.S..\. Oe'iu'ral Ilos])ital No. o, and all went te> Fi‘ane-e' in Se'ptemhe'i’ witli this organization. About ten of the ce)rps nu'u were* se-nt to vai'ious e-ainjis to uneh'i-go ti’ain- ing for commissions and all we'i-e* suce'e'ssful. In mielsummer, or- elers he'gan to arrive for one' unit nurse' after anothe'r to jeroe-e'e'el to tlie Fort of Fmharkation and by Se'])te'mhe'r 1!»18 all our nui'ses were in Fi'ance.

The re'inaiude'i- of Fnit “N" sei've'el at Ft. Ontario with Col- onel Thomason anel F.S.A. (h'lie'ral Ilos])ital No. 5 until elis- chargeel from the' se'i'vie-e. The one wish anel e'X])ee'tation of e'ach anel every one of eeur Fnit was to .se'e' se'rvice ahi’oad hut as good soldiei's, they eliel theii' duty whe're Fne-h' Sam saw tit to ])lace them.

Private Pavilion, Ambulances and Garage Flower Hospital, New York City.

^lassaclmsctts Ilomcopatliic llos])ilal, I’.oslon, Mass.

The Battle of Poiigiies-les-Eaux

A History of

U. S. Army Base Hospital No. 44

Organized by the

Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital Boston, Mass.

WESLEY T. LEE

-Massacliusel Is 1 loincopatliic llos|)ital.

ilornily and Oiil-I’alicnl Deparlincnt. 2. Superinlomlenrs Homo. d. Evans Memorial. . Nash J Ionic for Convale.sccnt !Men. 5. Sunnybrook Home for Convalescent Women.

Foreword

The purpose of this story is to furnish a briehy comprehensive account of the wanderings and work of United States Army Base Hospital Forty-Four. No attempt is made to describe in detail the activities of the Unit, or to give a complete statistical statement of its accomplishments. To those who were participants in “The Battle of Pougues” memory will supply an endless succession of interesting, exciting, amusing, and trying additions: they will “read be- tween the lines” a vast number of incidents and experiences which space and wisdom make it inadvisable to publish. To any ‘ ‘non- combatants” perusing these pages, imagina- tion must produce the coloring necessary to render the picture sufficiently vivid.

Phni of\-lctioii

ATTENTION !

Rci'ciUc

1. Fall In!

2. C'ount Oft !

3. Right Dress!

4. Mark 'I'inic!

5. At Ease!

To A HNS

1. Forward!

2. Double lime!

3. Charge!

4. As ^ ou ^^ ere!

Retreat

1. To the Rear!

2. Route Step!

3. Fall Out!

ATTENTION !

ONE of the most im])ortant lessons wliicli have been learned from the wars of the past is that the proper care of the sick and wounded and careful attention to the saiutary, hygienic, die- tetic and other measures which are employed to i)revent the devel- opment of disease largely deternnne the efficiency of the army. Within a comparatively few years the most elaborate practical scientific methods have been evolved and perfected for the preven- tion of disease and the care of disal)led men in the service. To the hospital corps has been delegated the task of caring for the sick and wounded, and the functions of the various units com- prising this essential branch of the service have been thoroughly worked out. Not the least in importance of these several depart- ments constituting the hosintal corps is the base hospital, which functionates as a clearing house between the field and evacuation hospitals, situated comparatively near the area of cond)at, and the general, si)ecial, rest and recreation institutions located at long distances from the firing lines.

In peace times the maintenance of a small, well organized, and efficient hospital corj)s is sufficient to care for the incapacitated mendiers of the standing army ; but, immediately upon the declara- tion of war, it is necessary to enlarge tremendously this branch of the service. To be prepared to meet war conditions, base hospital units representing civic interests and enrolled under the American Ned Cross are organized for military emergency. Such hospitals have no connection with the army until acce])ted by the United States Government, when they automatically pass from the control of the Eed Cross to that of the War De])artment. These hospitals are develo])ed in connection with large medical institutions, the professional ])ersonnels being chosen from the staffs of the hos- pitals, and the necessary supplies being provided by the institu- tions. In this way com})lete base hospitals with entire ])ersonnels and full equipment are organized under the authorization and con- trol of the American Red Cross ready for transfer to the Govern-

48

A.AIF.HK’AX 1 lo.MF.OI’ATII V IX TIIF WoHFD AVaH

mciit ill case of t‘nier<;eiicy. When mobilized for active duty, each base ]ios])ital is sujiplicd ^Yitll executive officers liy the ^Var J)e- jiartuieut. eoiisistiuii: of a commaudiu^^ officer, au adjutant and a quartermaster.

Sucli a unit ])ossesses many advaiitaues. It is oi’^auized and equipped without cxiieiise to the (loverumeiit; its staff is com- posed of men who have woi’ked tog'ctlicr and who are familiar with each other s abilities and metliods; its activities liave tlie moral and tinancial hackiii" of a lar^c and interested clientele; and its personnel is stimulated to its best efforts by a desii-c to do credit to the mother institution.

Nurses’ Home.

^lassaclmsetts Homeopathic Hospital.

The Battle of Pougues-les-Ealx

49

EEVEILLE 1. Fall In!

There were approximately tweiity-tive base hospitals partially or completely organized in this country when the United States Government declared war upon the German Empire on the sixth day of April, 1917, a niunber manifestly inadequate to meet the needs of such a military establishment as would have to be devel- oped. It was necessary that other large medical institutions than those already included should organize base hospitals under the authorization of the American Red Cross; and the Trustees and Staff of the Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital were not slow to recognize the opportunity to ‘‘do their bit” for the country and for the medical profession. A meeting of the hospital staff was held early in May, and it was luianimously voted to recommend that an offer be made to the American Red Cross to organize a base hospital in connection with this institution. Such an offer was forwarded by the Board of Trustees, and, after some corre- spondence and explanation, a definite promise was made by the Red Cross that the authorization for the formation of a base hospital would be forthcoming, provided that the sum of $30,000 should be raised for the purchase of its equipment. A plan was immediately developed for securing the required amount of money, and an in- tensive ten days financial campaign was inaugurated in the latter part of May, which resulted in a large oversubscription of the amount needed. The Red Cross was at once notified that its con- ditions had been fulfilled, and a little later the funds were trans- ferred to that organization. Early in June authorization by the American Red Cross was received to organize Base Hospital Thirty-iSTneinbehalf of the War Department of the United States.

At a meeting of the executive committee of the hospital Dr. William F. Wesselhoeft was nominated as the Director, and Mrs. Alice H. Flash as the Chief Nurse, and these nominations were subsequently accepted, and the appointments formally made by the authorities at Washington. Mr. Arthur F. Estabrook was named the disbursing agent, and the money which had been raised

Lieutenant Colonel William F. Wesselhoeft Direetor, Case llos])ital No. 44.

Henry M. I’ollock. iM.l). S\i])erintentlent

^lassaelmsetls Homeopathic Hospital

L/.ra 11. Laker President. Hoard of 'Pmstees Ma.ssaehnsetts Homeopathic Hospital

Chief Nurse :\Ir.s. Alice H. Flash Hase 1 lospital No. 44 J)is(i)i(ji(ishc(l Service MaLil

The Battle of Poe"Getes-les-Eaux

51

was transferred to him by the Red Cross. Col. Peabody of the Metropolitan Chapter of the American Red Cross in Boston, was appointed purchasing agent, and he delegated the task of procur- ing the equipment for the hospital to Dr. H. M. Pollock, Superin- tendent of the Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital.

In response to an appeal to the members of the profession as- sociated with the hospital about seventy physicians offered their services, and the task of selecting a personnel was begun. This proved a most difficult undertaking, as it was essential that the work of the parent institution should not be seriously interfered with, while it was of the utmost importance that a congenial aggre- gation of men should be chosen, with skill and attainments cover- ing a large portion of the requirements of surgical and medical practice. After due consideration, the twenty-two professional men allowed by the table of organization of a five hundred bed hospital were selected, a chaplain was appointed and sixty-five graduate registered nurses were chosen from a much larger num- ber volunteering. To Dr. Allan W. Rowe was delegated the author- ity to enroll the one hundred and fifty-three men comprising the enlisted personnel, and to tentatively assign them to the depart- ments of the prospective hospital in which they were best fitted to work.

During the summer the task of organizing and equipping the Unit progressed rapidly. The officers received their commissions; physical examinations, vaccinations and inoculations were done; and the enlisted personnel was chosen from over seventeen hun- dred applicants. Many of the enlisted men received training in the hospital wards, and the tremendous task of purchasing the vast amount of required supplies was carried forward. Every effort was made to complete the work as quickly as possible, for it was supposed that the Unit would be called into active service early in the fall. A library of medical books was collected through purchase or gifts of members of the profession ; a supply of homeo- pathic medicines was donated by Otis Clapp and Son of Boston ;

AmKHICAX 1 lOAIEOl’ATHY IX TEfE WoHED War

52

a special gift of money for the i)urcliase of sleeping hags for the nurses was made hv ^Irs. Pierce of AVaketiehl, and a lieautiful dag was given by ^Ir. Fi-ancis Stearns of Poston.

As the weeks sli])])ed hy and notldng more substantial devel- oped than innnmerahle rumors ('oncerning the future movements of the Unit, some alterations in the }dans were made and several changes in the ])ersonnels became desirable for special reasons. Owing to a misunderstanding in the original assignment of num- bers by the Ped Cross, it was necessary to change the mimher of the Unit, and the organizati(m became Pase Hospital Forty-Four.

During this ])criod of waiting, o])portunity was given to develo]) and ])erfect plans for the futui’e work of the Pase IIos- I)ital; to select a])])aratus which would he es])ecially useful in the work of the members of the staff; and for the s]>ecial training of many of the otlicers in the military schools, camps and hospitals. Twenty of the nurses volunte(u-ed for teiu])orary service, and were assigned for duty in some of the cantonments on the nineteenth of Xovember.

Farlv in Fehruarv, 1918, notilication was received that the capacity of the Hos])ital was to he increased from live hundred to one thousand beds, and authorization was shortly obtained to make the necessary additions to the ])orsonnels. The commissioned staff was enlarged to thii-ty-two medical otlicers; thirty-five nurses were added to the nurse cor]is, making a total of one hundred, and forty-seven eidisted men were enrolled, bringing the number of the enlisted ])ersonnel nj) to two hundred.

2. CouxT Oe'f!

The long deferred and anxiously awaited action of the "War Department came, when, on the twentieth of February, 1918, S])ecial Order Xo. 52 was issued, directing Captain Lee “to pro- ceed from Cam]) Creenleaf to Poston for the ])ur])ose of mobiliz- ing the enlisted ])ersonnel of Pase Hospital 44,” and specifying that “upon coni])letion of the mobilization, he should jEroceed, together with the enlisted personnel, to Camp Dix, IVrightstown,

The Battle of Pougues-ees-Eaux

r;*>

O*)

N. J., for temporary duty at the Base Hospital.” The require- ments of the order were carried out, and on Sunday, March 10, at one o’clock, at the Out-Patient Department of the Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital, the first roll call of the organization was held. Of the one hundred and fifty-three enlisted men included in the order, one hundred and forty-seven responded ; two men failed to ap]3ear, one man was sick in the hospital, and the others were awaiting official transfer from another branch of the service. Chaplain Wylie also reported for the puiq^ose of accompanying the Unit. Lunch was served, and an inspiring address was de- livered by Director, Major Wesselhoeft. Mr. Baker, President of the Board of Trustees of the Hospital, extended his felicitations and good wishes in behalf of the institution.

In a heavy snow storm the Command proceeded by special trolley cars to the armory in Charlestown, which was reached at three o’clock; and the task of outfitting was at once begun. The garments of civilian life were discarded, and from their skins out these men became soldiers. Fortune favored those whose names began with the early letters of the alphabet, and many were the misfits which developed as the length of the waiting line decreased. The scene became almost pathetic as the last men displayed their newly acquired belongings, and endeavored to enclose number nine feet in size seven shoes, or to take up the slack in a pair of trousers at least eight sizes too large. Exchanges were in order, and the evening was occupied in friendly “swaps” and in prepa- rations for the night. When “taps” was sounded the tired boys lay down upon their army cots under the arching roof of a military shelter, and slept — or thought. The activities and interests of civilian life had suddenly been temporarily, perhaps forever, terminated; they were leaving all that was dear and familiar to them, and were entering upon a new and tremendous adventure. They had ceased to be free moral agents, and were now units in a vast military organization, with no will but to obey, and no definite knowledge of what was before them.

The Battle of Pougues-les-Eaux

55

Monday was spent in adjustments of seemingly impossible combinations and conditions of equipment; and the officers and soldiers at the armory were most kind and helpful, doing every- thing possible to facilitate matters. At six o’clock the Command left the building, proceeding to South Station by trolley, and occu- pying three special cars attached to the Federal express which left Boston at 7 :30, As strict orders had been given that the time and place of leaving should not be announced, the departure was entirely lacking in the emotionalism and enthusiasm usually char- acterizing such occasions.

The Detachment was supposed to reach Camp Dix in the early morning of March twelfth, but owing to a long delay in New York, did not arrive until after nine o’clock. Undaunted by the fact that the reception committee and the band had failed to materialize to bid them welcome, the sturdy soldiers marched to the Base Hospital, where they were informed that arrangements had l)een made to have them temporarily cared for at the 303rd. Sanitary Train. A half hour’s hike brought them to their destina- tion, and having partaken of a special mess, the task of getting placed and adjusted was begun. Acting on the princixhe that “an army moves on its stomach, ’ ’ mess kits were at once issued. Cots were then assigned in the barracks of Field Hospitals 311 and 312, and Ambulance Companies 309, 311 and 312, sections of the San- itary Train.

A volume might be written about the experiences of the three weeks spent at this first station. The commanding officer of the Sanitary Train, Major Webster Calvin, did everything possible to make his temporary guests comfortahle, and the officers of the organizations with which the men were quartered, were uniformly considerate and heliDful. Lieutenant S. A. Vanderwater devoted a large part of his time to drilling and instructing the men, and his kindness and valuable assistance will never be forgotten. Head- quarters were established, and Sergeant Perkins, the only non- commissioned officer with the outfit, assumed the responsi))ility

5()

AmKHICAX 1 lo.MKOl’ATHY IX THi; \V()HU> Wah

for the i)a])cr work. A l)arracks sergeant was ciiosen for each of tlie live buildings in which the men were quartered; temporary clerks, noncommissioned officers and squad leaders were ap- pointed; and various working details were arranged. Drills and hikes were the chief features of the daily schedule, and competitive weekly drills were held; a course of lectures was given by officers of the camp; a series of French lessons was begun; inoculations and vaccinations were completed; allotments and insurances were written ; sports were arranged, and exciting baseball games were played and won; religious services were held; ordnance and equip- ment were issued ; inspections were endured ; and a vast amount of routine work was acc(un])li.shed under difficult conditions. The men all entered the new life with a determination to “make good,” and their develo])inent as soldiers was rapid and inspiring. There were no occasions for ])unishnicnt; very few cases of illness de- veloped; the morale of the men was at the maximum; and the officers of the Sanitary Train were enthusiastic in their praises of the men and their work.

On the first day of April an order came for the Unit to leave its tenii)orai’y abode, and to transfer to the Camp Dix Base Ilosi)ital. With many regrets the men packed their belongings into their barracks bags and left the good friends and pleasant associations connected with the Sanitary Train. With all their ])ossessions on or attached to them, they toiled perspiringly across the fields under a scorching midday sun, and arrived at their desti- nation tired but “game.” Quarters were assigned and the next phase of their army life was begun; but the members of the Unit who ])assed through the vici.ssitudes of the life at the 303rd. Sani- tary Train, look back u])on the three weeks spent there as among the best and happiest in their military ex]ieriences.

Meanwhile Capt. Wiggin had been called to active duty for the purpose of mobilizing the forty-seven men needed to complete the two hundred comprising the enlisted personnel. On the second of April he and forty-four men arrived at the Base Hospital,

The Battle of PorciFES-LES-EArx

57

after having passed through a preliminary i^rocess similar to that experienced by the original contingent.

Orders for the mobilization of the commissioned personnel were received early in April and within a few days the medical officers had nearly all reported for duty. The Nurse Corps was mobilized on the first of April, and the nurses were divided into detachments and stationed in fourteen cantonments for duty. By the middle of April the mobilization of the Unit was practically completed.

3. Right Dkess!

The training of the members of the organization for their over- seas duties was at once begun at Camp Dix. The officers were assigned to various stations in the hospital for the purpose of observing and assisting, thus familiarizing themselves with the methods of an army institution. The enlisted men were detailed to different departments for work, each man being given ex- perience in the duties which he would lie expected to perform in his own organization. Drills were held daily; but the military aspect of the routine was subsidiary to the task of training the men in hospital technique and army methods.

The experiences gained in the weeks spent at the Base Hospital were valuable, and were conducive to the success of the work done when the Unit was “placed upon its own.” Incidentally the j)resence of our men was of distinct advantage to the hospital, and for a consideralile period of time the mein])ers of Forty-Four were, to a large extent, carrying on the routine work of the institu- tion. It is unnecessary to record that their work was of the highest grade and that it was appreciated liy those in authority.

During this developmental period many interesting and excit- ing events transpired. The arrival of Major Wilds on tlie sixteenth of April ended the niuneroiis s]ieculations as to who the com- manding officer was to be. Various “moving days” developed; the officers left their comfortable and congenial location in Ward 33, and were distributed as more or less unwelcome guests among

58

A:\IERICAX I lOAlEOI’ATH Y L\ THi: WoRlJ) \y.\n

the officers of tlie Base JIos]>ital in the officers quarters; while the enlisted men were shifted from ward to barracks, from laundry to barracks to laundry (all in the same afternoon), from chapel to barracks, and from barracks to other barracks in a dizzy manner, A mild aTid quickly controlled e])idemic of scarlet fever developed early in April, and another of (Jerman measles shortly after; but only eleven of the eidisted men were sick and all made a complete and uninterrupted recovery. The first ]uay day for the men occurred on the twelfth of A])ril and was a time of considerable interest and importance. Wrijxhtstown. a flourishinfr metropolis consisting of a few ])ernianent iTdial)itants. and a considerable wartime pojmlation with commercial as])irations situated within easy access of the hospital, gave op|)ortunity for shopping, amuse- ment, and refreshment, of which the men freely availed them- selves. Tile ])alatial estahlishment kno^^^l as the “Bucket of Blood” was somewhat jiojiular. St. (ieorge's, the Liberty Theatre, the “Big V” and the Hostess House, all situated in or near the cam]), offered many attractions which helped to keep the men ha])])v.

The memhers of the Bnit rapidly became adjusted to the con- ditions of their new life and work, and were generally well satisfied. Naturally the question, “when do we sail ?” was uppermo.st in the minds of all, and there were many wise ones who could road the future or who had “inside do]>e” whi(‘h enabled them to answer the query satisfactorily to themselves.

4. ISIauk Time!

On the nineteenth of A])ril. an official message was received which stated that the Unit would leave for overseas duty on or before the first of iMay, and a ])eriod of intense activity was at once inaugurated. The commanding officer made a hasty trip to Washington; messengers hurried hither and yon; frantic efforts were made to coni])lete the equipment of the men; baggage was weighed and marked ; daily physical inspections were held ; good- by letters and messages were sent; the office force worked night

The Battle of ]?ouc;ue,s-les-Eaux

59

and day preparing passenger lists, qualification cards, and endless collections of data ; all leaves of absence and passes were refused ; each man was “on his toes. ” The official photograph of the organ- ization was taken on the twenty-fourth, and the final inspection of the equipment was made by a headquarters officer on the twenty- sixth. The Unit was reported to be ready to move.

Sunday, the twenty-eighth, was a memorable day. The fond parents, distressed wives, tearful sweethearts and admiring rela- tives and friends of the brave soldier boys flocked into camp by train and automobile, and the adieus were said and done. The parting of the ways had apparently been reached, and the Unit awaited the command, '‘Forward, March!'’

5. At Ease !

The fateful day arrived — and nothing haj^pened. Other days came and went and still no orders were forthcoming. Rumors there were aplenty, but the “powers that be” preserved a sphinx- like silence. Gradually the tension relaxed ; daily inspections were discontinued ; work details were resumed in a half hearted manner ; everybody was disappointed and many were discouraged. As orders for the Unit to move were expected at any time, it was not considered safe to issue passes covering periods of more than a few hours, and thus the men were virtually confined to the vicinity of the cantonment. Some of the men had their wives boarded near the camp, but most of them lived in the expectation that three day passes would be granted, enabling them to visit their homes. On two occasions such passes were forthcoming for a portion of the Command and there were wild scrambles for the coveted slips of paper.

Several false alarms developed, one of which having such a close resemblance to the “real article,” that another final physical and equipment inspection was held on the thirty-first of May. Naturally this state of uncertainty and the frequent sudden calling of the men from their duties in the hospital, seriously interfered with their work, and materially affected the morale of the members

I^i<d

^arch

Slaie

19IS

Claude I- Died Oct. 13. *

Sor(»onnt

Elmer R. Bjlindcr Died Feb. 17, 1919

Ih 1019

The Battle of Pougues-les-Eaitx

61

of the Unit unfavorably. Many were willing to “put up good money” that Base Hospital Forty-Four would never go overseas, and were anxious to transfer to some other unit which they felt sure would be called for foreign service. Officers and enlisted men alike felt the depression of this trying period and found it difficult to keep up courage.

To add to the difficulties of the situation, Wrightstown went bad from a sanitary standpoint, and entrance to this panacea for the blues was absolutely prohibited. And as though this disaster was not sufficient to make life miserable, the camp was closed to visitors over three week ends owing to the movement of troops, and nobody was allowed to leave the cantonment during the same periods.

Among the many interesting occurrences during this interim a few stand out prominently. On April nineteenth the first an- nouncement of ratings of enlisted men was made, and resulted in both pleasure and dissatisfaction. The work done by the men had been so uniforndy good, and so many had attained equally high standing, that it was extremely difficult to determine to whom the limited number of advancements allowed should go, and many who were not favored were naturally disappointed. The officers will never forget the “continuous performance” at Cafeteria No. 1 during the latter part of May, when they examined sixteen thou- sand drafted men arriving at the camp, working night and day until the task was completed. On the twenty- third of June Lieut. Fellows was married in one of the mess rooms, with a few of the officers and enlisted men of Forty-Four as witnesses.

The first death to be recorded in the Unit occurred in May, when Miss Evelyn Petrie, a member of the Nurse Corps, died at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, as a result of being thrown by a fright- ened horse, while riding. She was a graduate from the Training School of the Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital, and resided in Boston. The tragic circumstances associated with her death rendered the affair especially sad.

G2

Ami:1{K’AN 1 lOMKOI’ATH Y IX THE WoKI.D AVah

TO ARMS 1. Forward!

On the second of July, just as three-day })asses were about to be distributed to a larije nuniber of the men, the order arrived for the Unit to prepare to ])roceed overseas. Again tlie tinal insiiec- tions were made, and the last things were attended to. In the morning of the fifth the Command marched to the station and entrained, and at ten o’clock the long journey was begun. Jersey City was reached at 12:45 (dcloek, and Ihish Terminal at 2::10. At 4 o’clock the men boarded Transjiort No. blO, formerly the Ulysses of the l^lue F unnel 1 Jne. The enlisted men were a.ssigned to quarters as far astern and as near the bottom of the vessel as it was possible to get, and oeciqiied bunks on two decks. During the night, troops continued to embark, and before morning the boat was coni])letely filled with men and freight.

Early in the morning of the sixth the transport dropped down stream and anchored in the midst of other vessels crowded with froojis; and at 10:40 o'clock the entire convoy began its ])erilous voyage. It was iiis])iriug and interesting to watch the big dirigible floating overhead, the aer(')planes circling in all directions, the little destroyers kee])iug guard in the distaiu'c; and it gave to all a feeling of security, to realize that the armored cruiser, the Pueblo, was t('» a(*company the fleet.

To the fransixu'ts leaving New A'ork, others were added on the seventh and eighth, so that the dual number of vessels was fifteen, eacdi carrying from two to five thousand troo]is. A tank steamer and the cruiser com])lcted the convoy.

The voyage was reiJcte with interesting hap])enings and condi- tions. Life ])reservcrs were distributed, from which the men were not allowed to se])ai’ate themselves, and during the last three days of the voyage they had to be worn constantly except when the men slejJ ; daily boat drills were held, the men being instructed as to their i^ositions and duties in case of emergency: not a ray of light was ]iermitted to escape from the vessel at night, so that all

The Battle of Pougues-le8-Eaitx

(P>

port holes were kept closed and no smoking on deck was allowed ; target i)ractice by the gunners, the zigzagging evolutions of the vessels, and the signaling were always sources of much interest; submarine scares were daily occurrences and the vessel fairly seethed with rumors; the officers had setting-up exercises on the boat deck at 6 :45 A. M. daily ; and morning and afternoon physical inspections, music and letter writing helped to pass the time. There were all varieties of weather, but on the whole the atmos- pheric conditions were favorable and the sea comparatively smooth. Many of the men were more or less afflicted with mal-de-mer and some of them even “cursed the day they were born.” The mess might have been improved, but the fact that the worms in the piTines were cooked rendered them innocuous, and the fresh stewed tripe was nourishing though nauseating.

On the afternoon of the fifteenth of July the Pueblo circled the convoy, each vessel displaying its flag, and then disappeared on the horizon. Eight destroyers picked up the convoy during the night, and in the early morning of the seventeenth the rugged coast of “Bonny Scotland” was clearly seen in the distance. Land was visible during the entire day as the fleet proceeded southward, and minesweepers, destroyers, aeroplanes and a dirigible acted as guardians. Late in the afternoon the convoy approached Liver- pool, and on a multitude of crafts and all along the shores the crowds cheered and waved; bells rang, whistles blew, and every evidence of a hearty welcome was given. The transport came to anchor at 8:10 o’clock, and the songs and cheers of the troops on board mingled with the acclaims of those on all sides.

The vessel docked at 8 :20 o’clock the next morning, and at 9 :30 the Command disembarked. The day was spent in the w'arehouse on the pier, some of the men making brief visits into the city between showers. Late in the afternoon the Unit marched to the station of the London and Northeastern B. R. and entrained. At 7:25 o’clock the next stage of the journey was begun, the train passing through a charming section of England. The fine gardens, green fields, rolling hills, peaceful villages, and orderly farms

()4

A:\II, liK'AX 1 lOMEOI’A'l'H Y IX THE WoHU) Wak

looked good to a travel-worn ci’owd wldeli had been twelve days on the ocean.

At tive o’clock in the morning of tlie inneteenth Southampton was reached and a march of tliree miles hronght the ( ’onmiand to the famous “K’est Camp.’’ Ve (iods! what memories that name calls 11]); the enlisted men standing around all day in the rain waiting to be assigned to (piarters; the foul smelling blankets, the miserable mess, the almost continuously wecjiing skies, and, — well, everything. However, thei’e were some coni])ensations during the four days’ sojourn at Southamjiton, because op|)ort unities were given for sho])ping; for seeing many tyjiically English houses, gardens, shows, and things of historic interest; and for getting a brief glimp.sc of English life. Hut it was a joyous moment when the order to ])roceed was received, and without regrets, the l"nit mar<‘hed to the ])ier on the afternoon of the twenty-second of July. The channel steamer Viper was hoarded, and, in com])any with other (hdachments which crowded the craft to its maximum capacity, the men setth'd down to make themselves as comfortable as tlu'ir cram])od and unclean accommodations would ])crmit.

'I’lie boat left S<)utham])tou at 7 :40 o'clock, taking its ])Osition with other vi'ssc'ls in the shelti'r of the Tsle of AVight. At 9:20 the dash for the French coast began. AVhat a night! Nobody will ev('r forget the furious s])eed of the steamer and the awful lurches as the course was suddeuly changed; the tem])est of rain and wind, and the im])cnetrahle darkness; the flashing signals of the destroyers; the groans and agonized exertions of the sick; the decks, stairways, and rooms occupied by soldiers sitting, lying, standing in all ])ossible ])ostures, and sli])])ery with the offerings to Xe])tune; and the suspense! At 2:45 A. iNI. land was sighted, and at five o’clock Ea Havre was reached. At 8:30 the men disembarked and marched through the city and U|) the long hill to the camp, where tents were assigned and pre])arations made for a temj)orary stay. The weeping heavens and the close proximity to a sizeable cemetery were not es])ecially conducive to a cheerful

The Battle of Pol orES-LEs-EAux

65

atmosphere, but the men made the best of their cheerless quarters in the bare tents, and each endeavored to be philosophical while occupying the few inches of space allotted to him.

At two o’clock the next morning the Unit was aroused. Mess was eaten by the light of a glorious moon, baggage was packed and transported, and the railroad station was reached after a brisk march in the crisp air and the growing light of a gorgeous sunrise.

At seven fifteen o’clock the final stage of the journey was be- gun, the men and their belongings being crowded into the dirty cars in a fearsome manner.

The trip from La Havre to Pougues-les-Eaux will always be remembered as one of the “events" in the history of Forty-Four. So cramped was the space in the compartments that in at least two instances the racks over the seats intended for hand baggage were utilized as sleeping quarters, and in several cases men were temporarily lost amidst the pieces of luggage piled promiscuously on the floors of the cars. Rations for forty hours were issued before leaving La Havre, and the efforts of the men to make equable divisions of them with reference to the number of meals and the number of mouths were exciting. From 1:15 A. M. to 1:30 P. M. of the twenty-fifth the train re])osed undisturbed in the freight yard at Villeneuve, the monotony of the pause being occasionally relieved by the demands of the men for certain privileges, forcibly expressed individually or in unison.

The train came to a jerky stop at the little station of Pougues- les-Eaux at 3:15 A. M. of Friday, the twenty-sixth of July, and the cars containing the members of Base Hospital Forty-Four and their baggage were backed onto a siding and left. In the morning the men finished their forty-hour rations, and marched to their quarters. The long journey was ended. Through the dangers and discomforts on land and sea the Unit had come unharmed. Six men had been left on the way as a result of sickness, quarantine, or failure to make conuections, but the remainder had arrived full of “pep.”

The Battle of PouGUES-LES-EArx

()T

The protracted period of preparation and transportation was terminated, and Forty-Four was about to “do its l)it."

2. Double Time !

Pougues-les-Eaux is a typically French town of about eighteen hundred inhabitants situated near the geographical centre of France. It is about two miles from the Loire River and is sur- rounded by a charmingly picturesque rolling country chiefly oc- cupied by farms and vineyards. Nevers, where the headquarters of the Intermediate Section were located, is about five miles distant, and the great hospital centre at Mesves, of which the Pougues hospital was to be a unit, was about twelve miles in the opposite direction. Pougues is famous for its mineral springs, of which the St. Leger is the most renowned, and during the sum- mer season has been for many years a popular resort for people desiring to ‘ ‘ take the cure. ’ ’ There are a number of fine residences in and near the town occupied during the warm weather l)y well- to-do Parisians ; and several hotels catering to the summer trade, of varying sizes and grades, constitute the chief industry of this peaceful village. The Rue Rationale forms the main street, and a quaint old church occupies a central location. There are numer- ous small shops and wine stores, and several winding lanes with characteristic houses and gardens.

The outbreak of the war put an end to the summer resort busi- ness, and some of the hotels had been used by the French for hospital purposes. With the advent of the United States into the war, arrangements were made for the leasing of about twenty buildings to the Government to use as a hospital for the care of American soldiers. The Hotel Splendid with its fine grounds, chalet, casino, tennis courts, gymnasium, and baths, constituted the centre of the plant; and the Hotels du Parc, Grand, and St. Leger, and the Villas du Chalet, Bert, de France, Gaston, Mt. Guivre, and Bellevue, together with the New Marie, the Maison Clement, and two private residences completed tlie property to be occupied. The buildings varied in size from capacities of thirty- five to three hundred, with two or three not suital)le for patients;

The Battle of PoiTirEs-i.ES-EArx

(>‘)

ill aj2:e from a comparatively rceeiit time to an ancient i^eriod; and in condition, from a fairly well bnilt and well ])reserved building to a time worn and neglected structure. Temjiorarily the officers were quartered in tlie chalet on the grounds of the Hotel Splendid, and the detachment men in the Mairie, Villa de France and Villa Bert.

The gigantic task of cleaning, altering and ecpiipping these buildings for hospital purposes was jiresented to Forty-Four; but as there was to be a iieriod of waiting for siqiplies to arrive, it was determined that all men not needed for the preliminary work, should be sent to Mesves to assist in the development of the hospital property in process of construction there. On the day following the arrival of the Unit in Pougues, twenty-nine officers and one liundred and fifty eidisted men packed their belongings and marched over the road to Mesves. Mon Dieu, what a day of gloom ! It had been announced that the organization would probably be broken up, and many of the men felt that this was the beginning of the end; so with sinking hearts and dismal forebodings they toilsomely traversed the twenty kilometers, with the heavens sympathetically pouring out a profusion of tears. Their fears l^roved groundless, however, for after four days of road-building and discomforts, all but ten of the number returned to Pougues on trucks.

Freight began to arrive shortly and a period of intense activity ensued. Beds were set up in all available places; furniture was moved about and rearranged in a weird fashion ; carpenters, elec- tricians, plumbers, and painters ripped, tore, scraped, altered, and rebuilt the interiors of buildings, while details of detachment men and civilian employes scrubbed and cleaned; there was an almost constant transportation of supplies from the freight cars to the quarteiTiiaster’s storehouse and the medical supx^ly dex‘)ot, and from there to the various buildings of the Unit; preparations were made to successfully accomplish the tremendous task of feeding the multitudes; and elaborate plans for the medical and surgical

The Gruml Hotel Poiigtits

Villa flu CliHlet. Poiigiitii

Villa Paston, Nurses' Quarter, s.

Pougucs

Heaflqnarters of Quarter- master and Medical Sup- [)ly Department.

Pougues

The Battle of Pou(iUES-LEs-EAUx

71

administration of the hospital were developed. The laboratory, dental, eye, ear, nose and throat, and the X-ray departments were organized and rapidly put in condition for work. Everybody was busy and happy, and except for a few minor ailments, and a bumped head due to a fall from a second story l)unk during a troubled sleep, all were in good health.

The French people were very cordial, and many of the mem- bers of the Unit soon formed pleasant friendships. Quite a propor- tion of the men began an intensive study of the language, assisted by volunteer and professional teachers, and aided and abetted by the townspeople. Officers and enlisted men were invited to the homes of the “leading citizens,” and the best was none too good for Forty-Four. On August fourth a special patriotic service was held in the local church, and many of the members of the Unit accepted the invitation to attend. Certain local pastimes were indulged in by many, and Mademoiselles Vin Blanc and Vin Bouge became especially popular.

With the exception of a few days, the weather was delightful all through August and September ; and the rainy season did not develop in earnest until the latter part of October. The long days of sunshine and the cool nights made a wonderful combination for comfort, and the charming country and quaint villages easily ac- cessible by walking or bicycling, were sources of constant delight. It certainly seemed that Forty-Four had “landed on its feet.”

The Red Cross representative, Capt. Vaill, arrived on the twenty-ninth of July and immediately formulated plans for the entertainment and comfort of the men of the Unit and of the prospective patients. Much might be said about the work of the Red Cross in connection with the hospital, and it is needless to state that the development of the canteen and “hut,” the long list of band concerts, entertainments, “movies,” dances, “teas,” and other social events, and the distribution of vast amounts of clothing, toilet articles, sweets, “smokes,” reading matter, and writing material went far toward making life worth living for all.

The Battle of Pou(iUES-LES-EAux

73

Capt. Vaill was ably assisted in his work by Mrs, Glavis and Miss Dougherty.

On the fourth of August the nurses and women secretaries arrived. The Nurse Corps had been mobilized in New York, and on the fourteenth of July, Mrs. Flash, with ninety-eight nurses and six secretaries left for France. After a prolonged and somewhat strenuous trip they arrived in Paris, where twenty-four nurses were detached and detailed for special service. The remainder reached Pougues safely, and after a rest of twenty-four hours the nurses were divided into two groups of thirty-seven each, one detachment going to Mars and the other to Mesves for temporary duty. The latter grou]) returned to Pougues on the seventeenth of August and remained during the period of activity of the hospital.

3. Charge !

Preliminary arrangements having been completed and plans of action thoroughly discussed, active skirmishing in the awful Battle of Pougues began on the tenth of August when one hundred and fifty-nine patients, convalescent from injuries and sickness, ar- rived in trucks from Mesves. They were quartered in the Grand, and St. Leger, and were followed by other contingents of varying sizes at frequent intervals. These men were practically all ambula- tory, and their chief cry was, “When do we eat?” With the arrival of several officer patients, the first cases of serious injuries and sickness were received. They were at first placed in the du Chalet but were subsequently moved to the Splendid. The first operation was performed on the twenty-third of August, The Mt. Guivre was opened on the twenty-sixth, and the other buildings were occupied in rapid succession as the number of patients increased.

During the early days there was much uncertainty as to the character of the cases which were to be assigned to Forty-Four. According to official and semiofficial reports, the hospital was to be devoted exclusively to surgical patients, to medical patients.

Bollovuo.

Vouguis

Main Stropt, (Routp (k> Paris). Vouguis

riiiirch and

St. Lonor Stjiiare.

Vouguis

The Battle of Boughes-les-Eaux

i')

to all kinds of patients, to eonvalescent patients, to neiiT(»loo'ical patients, to orthopaedic patients, or to heart and lungs patients. As finally determined, the cases turned over to the Unit were largely officers and eonvalescent enlisted men, the major poidion of them being sent by train or truck from the Mesves centre.

The plan which was early developed, was to segregate the surgical cases in the Splendid and Casino, and the acute medical cases in the dn Parc, the other buildings to be occupied by con- valescent patients. The Mt. Guivre was reserved for recovered cases, and at first the men were here “hardened up” and prepared for the hike to the Convalescent Camp at Bnlcy. The orthopaedic cases were largely cared for at the du Chalet. The Grand was used as a clearing house, quite a proportion of the patients arriv- ing being received at this building ; and the mess for the patients in several buildings and for the members of the detachment was handled here. This original plan was substantially followed dur- ing the period of activity of the hospital, although subsequently the Casino, Aviat and the dn Parc were reserved exclusively for officer patients. The administrative offices were located in the Splendid and the Janicot was occupied as quarters for some of the officers of Forty-Four.

Two surgical teams were sent to Mesves for temporary duty on the fifteenth of August, the members being Major Chandler, Captains Wiggin and Thomas, and Lieutenants Skirball, Green and Rowell. Major Chandler, Captain Thomas and Lieutenant Green returned on the thirty-first. On the third of September two teams, composed of Majors Wesselhoeft and Chandler, Captain Thomas and Lieutenant Green, with six nurses and four enlisted men went to the advanced zone for duty in evacuation hospitals, remaining for about six weeks. Several other officers and a number of the enlisted men and nurses were transferred to Mesves or elsewhere for special duty or instruction, most of them eventu- ally returning to the Unit.

The engagements which occurred in this early stage of the famous battle were to quite an extent of a social nature. The lead-

A-MKHK'AX Ilo-MKOPATIIY IN THE WoKU) WaK

7()

inp citizens entertained, the officers entertained, the nurses enter- tained, the Red C’ross entertained; in short, tins was an entertain- ing ])eriod in tlu‘ history of Foi’ty-hhmr. 'I’lic' j)ati(.“nts weix* well cared for, hut as their chief need was entertainment, the efforts of the memhers of the ])ersonnels to make them ha])i)y were considered “in line of duty.” The detachment men develo))ed an excellent quartet and orchestra whi('h materially assisted in the solution of the amusement ])rohlem. Kven the ])roletariat caught the infec- tion, for the calling out of the Class of 1})20 on the nineteenth of Se]ffemher, was cclehrated in a niannei- which exhausted the su))])ly of liquid ref I’eslmuaits in the town c'arly in the afternoon, and rendered the entii’e popuhu'c “iiudlow.”

^Meanwhile endless supplies of (MpiipiiuMit were arriving, and the feeble trans])ortation facilities a.ssigned to the hosi)ital were being taxed to their utmost capacity to keep the procession moving. The men work('d night and day loading and iiidoading. and tlu‘ S.0.8. of the organization was constantly “on the .job.”

Early in September the sc'cond ))hase in the great struggle was begun, with the an-ival of orders to enlai'ge the capacity of the hos}htal from twelve hundred to seventeen hundred and tiftv, fo^it de sidte. Cots were set u]) in attics, hallways, and sheds; beds were crowded into wards already normally full; mattresses were laid on unoccu])icd floor s])aces; and the detachment men were squeezed into attics and dugouts.

On the fourteenth of Septemhei’ the lirst sharp encounter oc- (Uirred, when ten truck loads of convalescent patients arrived from Mesves in the evening, with orders to return with three hundred other convalescent cases, making a shift of about six hundred men. ddie commanding officer of the ( 'em re headed the onslaught in ]'>erson. A descri]ffion of the engagement had best he omitted, but it may be stated that the dis])lay of vocal pyrotechnics was of a startling and picturesque character, and that the casualties on the side of Eorty-Eour w('re I'athei’ heavy. '^I'he offc'usive t('m])orariI v lost one truck by ditching.

The Battle of Pougues-les-Eaux

I i

The crucial period in the Battle of PouRTies bewail on the second of October when a hospital train direct from the front arrived, containing four hundred and tifty-three patients. A very moving period preceded the encounter, the patients already in the hospital being so generally moved about that many of them were not located for days. Elaborate preparations were made for receiving the newcomers, and men, ambulances, trucks, stretchers and blankets were placed in position at the station. After many alarms and a protracted ])eriod of waiting, the long hospital train rolled in and the fray began. The three hundred and fifty “sit- ters” were “toted” or walked to their quarters, and the task of getting out the “liers” on stretchers was rushed. For two hours the awful action progressed, while rail transportation was blocked and the train officials “threw fits.” Carefullv the noor travel- worn fellows suffering with wounds and sickness of varying de- grees were taken from their bunks and transported to the hospital, where doctors, nurses, and orderlies were waitins: to do everythin^’ possible to help them.

Another hospital train arriving at one o’clock in the morning of the fourth of October delivered forty-eight officers, several of whom were in a desperate condition; and a large aggregation of convalescent patients arrived by train on the fifth.

The hospital was full to overflowing, the daily census showing well over seventeen hundred ])atients. Many of the men were dangerously sick as a result of wounds or diseases, and a numl)er of deaths occurred. Every member of the Unit was working over- time. To add to the difficulties of the situation a flank attack was launched by an army of deadly influenza germs, and within a few days about a third of the officers, nurses, and detachment men were hors de combat, several of them l}eing des])erately ill. Those were trying times and tested the strength and courage of the members of the Forty-Four to the utmost.

It is with profound regret and sorrow that the loss of one of our detachment men at this time is recorded. On the thirteenth

The Battle of Pougues-les-Eaux

79

of October, Claude I. Parrott, oue of tlie orioiiial members of the Unit and a fine young man of great popularity and promise, passed away; and on the fifteenth he was laid to rest in the French cemetery at Nevers. Two men temporarily attached to Forty- Four for duty, George W. Bowker and Henry F. Tattersoll, also died during this ej^idemic.

With the recovery of the sick members of the personnels and the systematizing of the work of the hospital, a definite routine was gradually established. Patients were rapidly classified l)y the Disability Board and passed on as ready for duty, for return to the States, or for special treatment; new cases were received, practically all of the convalescent type; and the social activities, which had been for a time neglected, again flourished. The ma- chinery of the organization was running smoothly, and everybody had settled down for a “long pull,” when, on the eleventh of November, the ringing of bells, the shrieking of whistles, the dis- playing of flags, and the shouts of the people proclaimed the signing of the armistice.

It was the announcement of the beginning of the end for the Battle of Pougues.

4. As You Were!

A period of heaucoup celebrations characterized the cessation of hostilities. The townspeople celebrated in their usual way of promiscuous hugging and kissing, the feminine portion of the community being encouraged in these expressions of joy by the soldiery; the patients celebrated in true American fashion by noise-making in endless variety, the officer patients going “over the top” of Cognac Ridge en masse; and the detachment men and officers of Forty-Four took cognizance of the great event in a manner which caused the natives to ‘ ‘ sit up and take notice. ’ ’ The tension under which the men had been working suddenly relaxed. Discipline was slackened, and free expression was given to the relief and joy which all experienced by the realization that, “F/r? la Guerre/^

Laundry Delivery I’oiiiiius

'Lover’s Lane,” Grounds of the Hotel Splendid. Pouffues

The Battle of Pougues-les-Eaux

81

The officers developed another reason for jollification at this period. On the tenth of November the first of a series of proposed birthday celebrations was held. The mess hall was profusely deco- rated, the tables were set in civilized fashion, and there was an excellent “feed”; even menus and a tres joli birthday cake were provided, and the occasion was pronounced a great success, includ- ing an “after meeting” held at the Janicot. Notwithstanding the fact that three more birthdays occurred in November, and that others came in convenient sequence, the series came to an abrupt end with the famous celebration of Captain Gilbert’s natal day on the eighteenth. The preprandial exercises, the stately parades, the oratorial efforts, the touching references to Harvard Square, and the terribly tragic termination of the affair at its most virile period beggar description. Eequiescat in pace.

The stream of cases entering the hospital quickly ceased to flow, and the work rapidly decreased in amount ; the daily census showed a steady decline in the number of patients, and it became evident that the Battle of Pougues was entering its final stages. Immediately the questions, “What next?” and, “When do we go home?” agitated the members of the personnels, and the rumor- developers began active operations.

During this period most of the officers were granted five-day passes to visit Paris, and a little later many of the enlisted men and nurses received passes to the gay metropolis. Opportunities were given to visit other places of interest, and there was a general atmosphere of relaxation and enjoyment. A special dinner given at this time to the members of the detachment was a “howling success.” The “eats” were varied and luscious, there was an atmosphere of good-fellowship, and the entertainment by home talent, consisting of music and speeches was a work of art.

Commissioned Personnel, P>ase Hospital No. 44 at i\Icsvcs.

Enlisted Personnel, Base Hospital No. 44 at Mesves.

The Battle of PorouEs-LEs-EAUx

83

KETBEAT 1. To THE Beae !

The first ste]> in the backward movenieiit of the forces of Quaraute-ciiiatre from the famous battleground at Pougiies was taken in response to an order received from G. H. Q. directing that the property should be vacated as quickly as possible, and the ETnit transferred to Mesves. On the twenty-ninth of ISTovember Captain Wiggin and Lieutenant Wood, with fifty enlisted men, retired to the new location and entrenched themselves in Unit Eleven. The new position was the most recent of the units de- veloped at this great hospital centre and consisted of partially constructed buildings of the roughest character located in a vast ex]3anse of mud varying from two inches to two feet in depth. The task of rendering the buildings hal^itable, constructing walks, and preparing the barracks and wards for personnels and patients was at once undertaken, and the transportation of the vast quantities of supplies was begun. The patients were rapidly evacuated from Pougues and early in December the last of them departed for Mesves.

On the fifteenth of December ten officers and a company of enlisted men took formal possession of Unit Eleven. On the following day four hundred and fifty patients were admitted to the new hos])ital, all of them having recovered entirely from wounds or illnesses, and awaiting orders to proceed to their com- mands; and others of the same character arrived subsequently. T]ie nurses moved from Pougues on the twentieth.

Two members of the Unit received special appointments at this time. Mrs. Flash l)ecame Chief Nurse of the Centre on tlu' nineteenth of December, and on the twenty-second Captain Catheron assumed the duties of Local Dental Supervisor.

Officers and enlisted men continued to arrive from Pougues as the work of preparing the property at that place for the return to its ovmers progressed. Leaves of absence were granted to many members of the personnels, and o]iportunity was thus giv(‘n

The Battle of Pougues-les-Eaux

85

for visits to southern and eastern France. It was generally felt that the Unit was spending a brief period at this first way-station on its journey to America, and everybody was full of courage in spite of the discomforts and annoyances of the situation. The rain descended profusely and i3ersistently ; roofs leaked ; the awful mud necessitated the constant wearing of hip boots; drinking water was scarce and poor ; there was no electricity ; there was a penetrating chill in the air; and the bully beef, corned Willie, gold fish and other delicacies seemed to have lost their charm.

The holiday season was somewhat dismal in certain respects. Despite the fact that a tremendous States’ mail brought many letters and Christmas ])ackages from the folks at home, and that the outlook for a speedy return to America seemed bright, there was a skeleton in the closet — or rather, in the cellar — which ma- terially interfered with the hilarity and joyousness which would supposedly have been in evidence. The suggestion of the name Du Parc, seemed to ])roduce a marked sensation, and certain brands of liquid refreshment were evidently unpopular. The en- feebled state of health of the mess fund rendered it inadvisable to have a special Christmas dinner, and had it not been for the generosity of the Red Cross, the gloom would have been impene- trable. It was a dry season in more than one respect, and will long be remembered for what didn’t happen.

The truth of the persistent rumor that Forty-Four would be one of the first organizations returned to the United States seemed to be confirmed when Evacuation Hospital Twenty-Xine arrived and formally took over the work in Unit Eleven on the eighteenth of January. Drills, hikes, and inspections were at once begun with the purpose of rendering the men fit for the hardships and require- ments of a long trip. The comi)letion of the apparently hopeless task of straightening out the property accounts was hastened, and the mess account chased. Base IIos])ital Forty-Four ceased to functionate as a hospital, and was temporarily attached to Twenty- Nine for quarters and j-ations.

SG

AmKI^IC'AX I lo.M KOI'ATII V IX TIIK A^G)I!U. WaK

On tlic sevcntoeiith of January an order was issued autlioriz- iii”- the men who had served for six months in the A. E. F. to wear service stri])es, and the coveted p:old ornaments ra])idly appeared u))on the left coat sleeves of the members of the Unit. On the twenty-sixth of January twenty-seven nurses who had signed up for continued service abroad left for Toul, and two days later the i-eniaining nurses were transferred. Thus ended the official ex- istence of the Xurse ('or])s of l>as(‘ lIos])i1al Foi'ty-Four.

Everything seemed to he in readiness for the word which would start the Unit homeward, and orders were exi)ected daily. Instructions were issued to notify the home folks to cease writing, and there was a general atmosphere of ox]iectancy and optimism. To assist in occu])ying the tiuu' a comj)any of the (hdachment nu'u dev(‘lo])ed and ])roduced an (‘xcelh'ut farce-comedy entitli'd “iMadam S. (f. Tj.” which was ])layed in the several Ttcd Cross huts in the Centre and was ])ronounced a great success by all. Efforts by the entertainment authoi-ities were made to induce the men to go on the cicuit of the A. E. F. cam])s, hut tlu' (h'sire to get home was stronger than the wish to remain indefinitely in France, and the offer was declined. “Julius Caesai’" was staged a little later, and was a fun-maker for the entire Centre. Uaskethall. lioxing, baseball, and other sports hcl])ed to ]>ass many hours pleasantly, and some of the men took advantage of the educational courses which were conducted. These various activities, in addition to the numerous details required to carry on the work of the Unit, and to coni])ly with the demands of the camp headquarters, kept all the men actively em])loyed.

2. Eoute Step!

Forty-Four was doomed to anotluM' heart-hivaking ])eriod in its history. Day after day passed and no word arrived from the “Great Unknown.” Fumors began to circulate that the Unit had been dro])ped from the sailing list, and unexpected difficulties with the ])ro]ierty accounts developed. On the fourth of February Td. Col. AVilds was transfem'd to Hi-est, Lt. ('oh AA'esselhoeft

The Battle of Pougetes-les-Eae^x

87

becoming the commanding officer of the Unit, and thus was in- augurated a series of transfers of officers and detachment men to all sections of the A. E. F. for duty. Dire disaster seemed to threaten, and it looked as though the organization was to be com- pletely broken up and the members retained indefinitely in France. The only hope was that orders to go home might be received, thus checking the process of dissolution.

Deep, dense, dreadful gloom prevailed as the officers and men were gradually taken away, and an apparent impasse in the medi- cal property situation developed; and distress turned to despair when Evacuation Hospital Twenty-Nine, which had taken over the work of Forty-Four so that it could depart for America left for Germany on the twenty-second of February. The morale of the Unit utterly succumbed and was formally buried by the detach- ment men with appropriate ceremonies consisting of sad music, a solemn funeral procession and impressive committal services. The only redeeming feature of this period of profound depression was that oi3portunities were given to most of the officers and men to visit Paris, the battlegrounds, and the leave areas in eastern and southern France.

On the seventeenth of February, the death of Elmer R. Bolinder, the second member of the enlisted personnel to pass away, occurred. Sergeant Bolinder had been transferred from Fourty-Four a few daj^s prior to his illness, but had not changed his quarters and was still counted a member of the Unit. He was a graduate of the Harvard Dental School and had done excep- tionally fine work in the dental department of the hospital. Im- mediately following his return from a delightful period spent at the Nice leave area he developed meningitis and died within three days. Notification that his commission as First Lieutenant had been granted as a residt of examinations successfully passed, was received on the day before his death. He was buried in the Ameri- can cemetery at Mesves on the eighteenth, the entire membership of the Unit marching to the grave behind the flag-draped casket

Wards with f’anvas Kxtensiciis, Mosvc,s IIosi)ital Center.

American Cemetery. ]\lesves n()s])ilal Center.

Koad Building, INlesves JIosj>ital (’enter.

The Battle of PororES-LES-EArx

89

and witnessing the military burial. A memorial service was held on the twenty-third at the Red Cross hut. 8ergt. Bolinder will always be remembered as one of the most faithful, popular, and successful members of the organization.

Another especially sad occurrence at this period was the death of Miss Marion H. Peck on the seventeenth of February. Miss Peck was a member of the non-enlisted personnel of Forty-Four and served as dietitian during the period of activity of the hospital. She had been granted a discharge from the service to resume her civilian work, and was on her way home when she was stricken with pneumonia, in Paris, and passed away after a brief illness.

The first anniversary of the mobilization of the enlisted per- sonnel of Base Hospital Forty-Four was celebrated on the tenth of March. The Red Cross hut was beautifully decorated and the mess department served a banquet which was the “last word” in the culinary art. Speechmaking, music, and original “stunts” by members of the Unit contributed to render the occasion an un- qualified success.

The paper work and property accounts of the organization were finally completed, the proper releases obtained, and every- thing was in readiness for the final move. On the seventeenth of March orders for the I^^nit to proceed to Brest arrived. There was an instantaneous resurrection of the erstwhile defunct morale of the outfit, and everybody worked willingly and industriously at policing, packing, paper work, and property adjustments. The Unit had at last reached the end of the long and trying waiting period, and everybody smiled.

Only one thing occurred to modify the happiness of the men at this time, the sudden illness and death of Harold R. Blake, the third of the enlisted men to make the supreme sacrifice. Corporal Blake died on the nineteenth of March after a few days illness with meningitis, and was buried on the twentieth in the American cemetery at Mesves. He had been a most conscientious, faithful

The Stairs and Koadstead, I>rcst.

The Cliateau, Brest.

The Battle of PouGFES-LES-EArx

91

and valuable worker in the Registrar’s department of the hospital and was beloved and respected by every member of the Unit.

At three o’clock in the morning of March twentieth a hasty mess was consumed and the “last things” were done. In company with two other units, Base Hospital Fifty and Base Hospital Seventv-Two, the Command marched to the Mesves station and entrained, and at seven thirty o’clock the journey to America was begun. Cars containing two other hospital units were attached to the train at Bourges, making a train of thirty-eight coaches.

Much might be said about the discomfort and annoyances of the trip to Brest; the long delays; the filthy cars; the messing difficulties ; the penetrating cold ; and the crowded conditions. But ca ne fait rien now, and everybody could be cheerful ; the men were Howewaed Bound!

Brest was reached at noon on the twenty-second, and the beckoning Atlantic with the waiting vessels in the harbor looked good to the travel worn veterans of Forty-Four. The march of three and a half miles to Camp Pontanezen was accomplished after a standup mess on the pier, and the Unit was billeted in Section Five.

The two weeks spent in this demobilization camp were inter- esting in many ways. Every fifth day the men were “deloused”; work details were furnished to all parts of the camp for various duties ; entertainment was provided in numerous huts ; and every- thing was done in a surprisingly systematic manner. The method of espionage carried out in the camp and the reputed practice of detaining organizations and individuals not conforming to certain military standards, kept the members of the Unit up to the highest degree of efficiency; for the predominant desire in the mind of each was to get home quickly. Of the thirty-five fair days said to be due in this section annually, five were enjoyed during the sojourn of Forty-Four, the remainder of the period being devoted to a succession of clouds, fogs, mists, and torrential rains.

92

Amkhic’ax 1 lo.MKoi’A rn V IX Tin: Worn i> Wai{

The order to bid to “Siiimv France’’ was fortlicoin-

iiis2: on tlie sixth of April, and on the seventh, nine officers and one Imndred and tifty-three men, comprising: the remains of Base IFospital Forty- Four, marched to Fiei- fhve and were liuhtered out to tlie (}raf AValdei-se(‘. whicli was hoarded at 2 :2,() o'clock. At 6:d0 o'clock the vessel hecan to move, and as tlu“ nuai watched the iTM'edine; French shore, their minds were full of thankfulness that their ])eriod of enforced tenancy of this war-worn section of the earth had ended, and that they were on the last lap of the long journey to their own country — “Uod's couniry."

'The voyage was not one continual round of i)leasure. The (iraf AValdersee was nndeidaking her lirst tri]) to America since the ai-mistice, and was not in the condition usuall}* expected of a ))alatial transatlantic liner. She “made haste slowly”; she had been stripj^ed of na^st <d' her decorations and movable equii)inent before being leased to the Tinted States government ; she was dirty and out of repair; and her facilities for ])reparing food were entirely inadequate. But all the discomforts of the voyage were endured with a commendahle degree of fortitude, and the weather conditions were fortunately generally ]u*o])itious. Things might have been worse.

At live o’clock in the morning of A])ril twentieth, Easter Sun- day, a pilot boat came alongside the vessel and a pilot climbed aboard; and a little later the Statue of Liberty loomed out of the morning mists. Cheer u])on cheer rose from the soldiers on the shi]). and these were amswered liy the welcoming shouts of those who had come down the harbor to greet the returning troops. Bands played stirring airs, and eager relatives on the harbor crafts recognized their loved ones among the soldiers on board and gave vent to their emotions by wild ge.sticulation.s, tears, and a bombardment of their heroes with fruit and candy.

The Graf AValdersee docked at 1():3() o'clock, and by a strange coincidence, forty-threi' of tlu* original Forty- Four nurses, in charge of Capt. Belding, arrived on the Zeppelin and landed at

The Battf.e of Pougues-les-Eaux

93

tlie same pier at about the same time. A reol American mess was served, the cliief features of whicli were “hot-dog’s,” pie and apples; and the men did justice to these long alisent delicacies by consuming “seconds” liberally.

More than nine months had elapsed since the Unit left New York — months crowded with varied experiences; but as the men stepped again upon American soil and looked about at the familiar sights, everything was forgotten in the supreme joy of realizing that they were “back borne.”

3. Fall Out!

By ferry and train the Unit proceeded to Camp Merritt, New Jersey, which was reached at about two o’clock, and here the process of deloiising, final paper work, and disintegration was instituted. Two officers and eighteen men were transferred on the twenty-second for discharge elsewhere, and on the twenty-sixth the remaining members of the Unit traveled to Camp Devens, Mass. Here the multitudinous details connected with the mustering out process were rapidly attended to. Many of the men received calls from relatives and friends, and some had opportunities to visit their homes. The officers were quickly put through the require- ments for severing their connection with the military life and were discharged ; and on the second day of May the mustering out of the enlisted men occurred.

Thus ended the official existence of Base Hospital Forty-Four. Through sunshine and shadow, pleasures and hardships, dangers and discouragements, hopes and fears, the members had lived and worked in the closest intimacy. Enduring friendships had been formed, unchangeable records of good and bad — mostly good — had been completed; characters had been moulded; indelible im- pressions of men and methods had been registered ; five had made the supreme sacrifice. Through all the feelings of joy and thank- fulness that the end had come, the anticipations of the future, and the satisfaction of realizing that the duty was well performed, there ran a sensation of regret that these associations were ended.

94

Ami iucax I Io.m Koi'A'i’n V IX THi: W'oklh A\'ah

and that there never auain would he a eoni])lete assenihlajre of those who liad comprised the ])ersonnel of United States Army P>ase 1 fospital Forty-Four.

Haynes ^fcmorial Hospital for f'ontaKious Diseases. ^Massaehusetts Homeopathic Hospital.

The Battle of Pofgues-les-Eaux

95

TAPS

The following facts briefly siiinmarize the work of Base Hos-

pital Forty-Four :

Date of mobilization March 10, 1918

Date of leaving America July 6, 1918

Date of arrival in Liverpool July 17, 1918

Date of arrival in Pougues-les-Eaux July 26, 1918

Date of transfer to Mesves Dec. 15, 1918

Date of departure from Brest April 7, 1919

Date of arrival in America April 20, 1919

Date of mustering out May 2, 1919

Number of days of home service 129

Number of days of foreign service 289

Total number of days of service 418

Number of commissioned officers:

Original 37

Attached for temporary duty 6

Total 43

Number of nurses 100

Number of nurses serving with Base Hospital

Forty-Four 38

Number of non-enlisted personnel 6

Number of enlisted personnel:

Original overseas organization 200

Temporarily attached, and transferred before Unit left for France 27

Attached to Unit in France 15

Total 242

Total number in personnels 391

96

A:^iericax Homeopathy in the World War

Deaths :

Nurse cori)s 1

Noil-enlisted ])ersoiinel 1

Enlisted jiersonnel 3

Total 5

Number of days of actual lios])ital work IGl

Normal cajiacity of lios])ital 1200

Emergency ca])acity of hospital 1750

Total numher of ]>atients treated 3681

Highest daily census of jiatients 1712

Number of dental treatments 2267

Number of eye, ear, nose and throat treatments. . . . 4641

Numher of X-ray examinations 623

Numher of surgii'al ojierations:

Kesult of battle casualties 116

Due to other causes 82

Total 198

Number of laboratory examinations 2677

Numher of deaths of patients 33

N umber of autopsies 26

Personnel of Base Hospital No. 44

Commissioned Personnel

Kirke L. Alexander	Captain M.C.	Orange, Mass.
David L. Belding	Cai>tain M.C.	Boston, IMass.
Oscar E. Carlson	2nd Lieut. S.C.	Mt. Vernon, N. Y.
Attached for temporary duty in France.
Patrick M. Carroll	1st Lieut. M.C.	Richmond, Va.
Robert S. Catheron	Major D.C.	Boston, Mass.
Orville R. Chadwell	Captain M.C.	Jamaica Plain, Mass.
Thomas E. Chandler	Major M.C.	Boston, Mass.
Albert W. Fellows	1st Lieut. M.C.	Bangor, Me.
George R. Gilbert	Captain M.C.	Omaha, Xeb.
Attached for temporary duty in France.
Milo C. Green	1st Lieut. M.C.	Boston, Mass.
Returned to the	United States with the Unit.
John W. Harvey	Captain M.C.	Bayonne, X. J.
John A. Hayward	Captain M.C.	Portland, Me.
Returned to the	United States with the Unit.
Sandford B. Hooker	1st Lieut. M.C.	Boston, Mass.
James H. Hopkins	1st Lieut. Q.M.C.	Washington, D. C.
Ralph H. Hopkins	1st Lieut. M.C.	Cliatham, Mass.
Ben H. Huggins	1st Lieut. M.C.	Evanston, 111.
Returned to the	United States with the Unit.
Harry M. Jennings	Major S.C.	Washington, D. C.
Phillip I. Johnson	1st Lieut. D.C.	Brookline, Mass.
Wesley T. Lee	Major M.C.	Boston, Mass.
Returned to the	United States with the Unit.
Harold L. Leland	1st Lieut. M.C.	Lowell, Mass.
John .1. McCann	1st Lieut. Chaplain	Greenwich, X. Y.
Attached for temporary duty in France.
James T. McDavid	Major M.C.	Decatur, 111.
Attached for temporary duty in France.
Howard Moore	Major M.C.	Boston. Mass.
Harry F. Morin	Captain M.C.	Bath, Me.
Roland 0. Parris	1st Lieut. M.C.	Walian, Mass.
Thomas W. Phillips	1st Lieut. M.C.	Philadelphia, Pa.
George C. Rambaud	Major M.C.	Xew York, X. Y.
Attached for temporary duty in France.
William Rice	Captain S.C.	Miles City, Mont.
Harold L. Ripley	1st Lieut. M.C.	Braintree, Mass.
Returned to the	United States with the Unit.
J. Arnold Rockwell	Major M.C.	Cambridge, ^lass.
Returned to the	United States with the Unit.
E. Everett Rowell	Major M.C.	Stamford, Conn.
Returned to the	United States with the Unit.
Rodney W. Rowell	1st Lieut. M.C.	Stamford, Conn.
William D. Rowland	Captain M.C.	Boston, Mass.
Walter L. Sachtleben	1st Lieut. M.C.	Cliicago, 111.
Robert C. Scott	1st Lieut. M.C.	East Orange, X. J.

Attached for temporary duty in France.

98

V.MERICAX IlOAIEOrATHY IX THE WOREl) WaR

AVarren S. Sliiokls Cajitaiii M.C.

.losppli J. Skirliall 1st Liput. M.C.

William K. S. Thomas Major M.C.

Returnpcl to the United States with the Unit. M’illiam F. Wesscdhoeft Lieut. Col. M.C.

Returned to the United States with the Unit.

Ral{)h C. Wi<i<;in Robert II. Wilds AVilliam F. Wood Arthur W. F. Wylie

Caiitain M.C.

Lieut. Col. M.C.

1st Lieut. M.C.

1st Lieut. Chaplain

Somerville, Mass. Roston, Mass. Camhridj'p, Mass.

Roston, Mass.

Cambridge, Mass. Aiken, 8. C. Palmer, Mass. Herkimer, X. Y.

Knlistetl Personnel

.Tann's 1). Adams

rivate

First detachment, mobilized March 10. RH'l.

William A. Adkins Private

Attached to I'nit in France.

Rolx'rt .M. Ahern Private

Attached to Unit, Camp I)i.\, X. .1. Transt'e

Harold L. .Mden Private 1st C

First detachment, mobilizecl March It), P.tls.

Paul M. Allen Private 1st C

Second detachment, nndiilized March ."1, lOlS.

Donald II. Allton Private 1st ('

First deta(dim('nt, mobiliz('d Martdi It), lOls.

M.ahxdm W. Atkins Private' 1st ('

First (h'tachment, mobilized M;irch lO. I'llS.

Alfri'd Atwater Private'

Se'ceeml de'tachme'iit , medeilizeil March .'!1, P.tl'^.

Karl Ave'iv Private'

Attacheel tee Unit in France.

Harry R. Rake'r Se'ii;e'ant

Secoml eU'tae'hment . meibilizeel March .'ll, lOb't.

Parke' Rarnarel Private' 1st ('

First eh'tae'hment , metbilized M:ere'h 10. lOl)'.

.leihn W. Raiiie's Private'

First ele'ttichme'iit . meebiliz.e'el Mare'll 10, 101s.

M'illiam F. Rarni's Private'

Attaclu'el to Unit in France.

Allston, Mass.

Transferred from Unit overseas.

Che'lyan, M’. Va.

rre'el from I'nit, Camp l)ix.

lass

lass

Xorwoeiel, Mass. Xi'Wi'astle, Pa. X'tishiui, X. II. Taunteen, Mass.

Triinsferre'el freiin I'nit, Camp Dix, X. J. I.tinelor, Wyo.

Reesteni. Mass.

ass Rurlinjjton, la.

•lamaica Plain. Mass. Transfe'rreel from Unit. Ciimp Uix, X. J. Cenning, Kans.

Isaae- L. Rarem Private

Attacheel to I’^nit, Camp Dix, X. .1. Transfe'rreel from Unit, Camp Dix. .lanu's Ran- Private' Pawnee, 111.

Attacheel to I'nit in France.

Re<;inalel Rtirry Private'

First detachment, meibilizeel March 10, lOL*^, Xatt II. Rartlett Private'

First detachment, meibilizeel March 10, 101 s. Harris Rass Ser”:e'ant

Salem. Mass.

Transfe'rreel from Unit overseas.

Roston, Mass.

Transferreel from Unit overseas.

Everett, Mass.

Second detae'hment, mobilizeel March .11. 101)5. Transferred from Unit overseas.

Ilarohl S. Ratstone' .Seroe.ant

First detachment, mobilizeel March 10, lOlS. AVilliam H. Resarick, ,Tr. Private 1st Class

Second detachment, mobilized March 11, lOlS. IVilliam G. Rirtwell Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, lOlS.

Re'vere, Mass. Raltimore, Md. Revere, Mass.

The Battle of Pougues-les-Eaux

99

Harold R. Blake Corporal

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918. Died March 19, 1919 in France.

Elmer R. Bolinder Sergeant

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918. Died February 17, 1919 in France.

Henry W. Boutilier Hospital Sergeant Quincy, Mass.

Second detaclrment, mobilized March 31, 1918. Transferred from Unit overseas. Ernest F. Bower Private 1st Class Methuen, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

William H. L. Brackett Sergeant Greenland, N. H.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918. Transferred from Unit overseas. Died .June 3, 1921.

Joseph F. Breau Private 1st Class N. Cambridge, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Arthur N. Brine Private 1st Class Boston, Mass.

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918.

Elmer O. Brown Private Sabetha, Ivans.

Attached to Unit in France.

Francis F. Buckley Private

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918. Transferred from Unit, Camp Dix, K. J.

Lester H. Burnham Private 1st Class Nashua, N. H.

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918.

Thomas Burns Sergeant 1st Class Boston, Mass.

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918. Transferred from Unit overseas.

Joseph J. Cady Private 1st Class Boston, Mass.

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918.

John C. Callard Sergeant 1st Class Winthrop, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Lewis O. Card Private 1st Class Somerville, Mass.

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, N. J. Transferred from Unit overseas.

Harold A. Carnes 1st Lieut. D.C. Boston, iMass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918. Transferred from Unit overseas.

Percy E. Carter Private IValtham, Mass.

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918.

Edward E. Castle Private

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, X. J. Transferred from Unit, Camp Dix.

James R. Catterall Sergeant N. Cambridge, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Fred ,7. Cederberg Private Manhattan, Kans.

Attached to Unit in France.

George S. Chamberlain

Second detachment, mobilized Weslev M. Churchill

Second detachment, mobilized George W. Clark

Second detachment, mobilized

Corporal March 31, 1918.

Private 1st Class March 31, 1918. Private

March 31, 1918.

Malden, Mass. Westdale, Mass. Methuen, Mass.

Ralph M. Clark Private 1st Class IVest Point, 111.

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, N. J. Transferred from Unit overseas.

Died March 8, 1921.

John F. Clarke Private Haverhill, Mass.

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, N. J. Transferred from Unit overseas.

George F. Clifford Private 1st Class W. Somerville, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Alexander Cohen Sergeant Roxbury, Mass.

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918.

100

A:\IKH1C'AX 1 lo.Ml.Ol’ATHY IX THE WoHU> AVaI'.

Xoah S. Colu’n

I’rivati'

First clotac'luiu'iit. mobilizc'J March Hi,

1st CUiss

Jloraci

Collett

( 'ook

Hartford, Conn.

Hoston, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 10b''.

Private 1st Class March Itt. 101s. Private

Peabody, Mass, Springdale, M’, Va, Bridgewater, Mass. Jamaica Plain, Mass.

Jame.s 11. Conway

First dettichment, nu)bilized Lonnie Cook

Attached to Unit in Frtince.

Jaities H. Corcoran Cook

Second dettichment, mobilized March .'ll, 101''^.

Perry ,1. Crouse Sergeant 1st Cltiss

Second detachment, mobilized Mtirch .'ll, lOls.

Murrtiy A. Cnill Privtite

Attached to Cnit, Ctunj) Di.x, X. .1. Trtmsferred from Unit, Camp Ui.\. Kdwin B. Dtnis Privtite 1st ('lass

First detachment, mobilized Mtiridi 10, 10 ps.

Kalph Della Stilla Private

Attached to Unit, Ctim]i IHx, X', ,1.

Antitole ,1. DcMers Privtite 1st Class

First dettichment, mobilized Mtirch 10, 101''.

Kaymond .1. D 'Knt remoiit Privtite

First dettichment, mobilized Mtirch 10, P.tls.

Howard X. Deyo Private

Attached to Unit, Ctunp Di.\, X. .1. Transferreil from I’nit, Camp Di.\

Kock Springs, Wyo. Chelsea, Mass. Xeedham, Mass.

Kevere, Mass.

Transferred from Unit, Camp I)ix, X. J,

Kdwaril ,1. Dillon Corportil

First detachment, mobilized Mtirch Hi, lOH. George A. Dockhtim Privtite 1st C

First detachment, mobilized March 10, lOH.

Boston, Mass.

ass Xewton Highlands, Mass.

Transferred from Unit overseas.

Charles H. Dodils Privtite

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, Ptiiil .1. Dodge P ri vate

Second detachment, mobilized March .'ll.

Joseph D. Domingo

Privati*

1st Chiss lOlS.

lOlS.

1st Class

A'.

II.

First detachment, mobilized Mtirch 10, lOlS.

Walter W. Donaghv

Privtite 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, lOlS.

Josejih M. Doran

First detachment, mobilized Chester .\. Douglas First detachment Leon ,T. Drew

Cori'ortil March 10, lOlS. Corjiortil

mobilized March 10, 101k.

Privtite

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1018.

John .T. Dunn

Sergetint 1st Class

First dettichment, mobilized March 10, HHS.

Frederick B. Kastman First detachment, Melvin W. Ehlridge Attached to Unit, Harold D. Kstes

Sergeant

mobilized March 10, 1018.

Private

Camp Di.\-, X*. J. Transferred from L^nit overseas, f'ook

Herkimer, X'.

Concord, X.

Medford, Mass. Westboro, Mass. Medford, Mass. Blaisdcll, X. Y.

Middle Cranville, X’. Y. Canton, Mass.

Boston, Mass.

Galena, 0.

First detachment, mobilized March 10. 1018.

Beverly, Mass.

East LvTin, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1018. Transferred from Unit overseas.

John B. Farrell

Private 1st Class

Ralph .\. Ferreira

Private 1st Class

E. Braintree, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, l!il8. Transferred from Unit overseas.

Harold G. Files

First detachment.

Private 1st Class mobilized March 10, 1018.

Boston, Mass.

The Battle of Pougues-j.es-Eafx

101

Maurice H. Flanagan, Jr. Private 1st Class Eosliiulale, Mass.

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918.

John IV. Flint, Jr. Sergeant Milwaukee, AVis.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918. Transferred from Unit overseas. Clarence E. Foster Private 1st Class Arlington, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Lawrence E. Freel Sergeant 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Henry O. Furbish Private 1st Class

Attached to Unit in France. Transferred from Unit

New York, N. Y.

Cumberland Mills, Me. overseas.

Eugene M. Gale Sergeant Merrimac, Mass.

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, N. J.

John F. Gard Cook Swampseott, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Charles M. Glicking Piivate

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, N. J. Transferred from Unit, Camp Dix.

Leslie G. Gilbride Sei-geant Eoslindale, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918. Transferred from Unit overseas. Frank Giovagnoli Private Gowen, Okla.

Attached to LTnit in France.

AVilliam Gorman Piivate

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Milton H. Gould Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized Maich 10, 1918. Frank H. Gusheo Sergeant

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918. Norman AV. Hamlin Private 1st Class

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918. Theodore P. Hansen I’rivate

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918. Thomas J. Hasson Private

Dorchester, Alass Natick, Alass. Brookline, Mass. Otisfield, Me. AA^altham, Mass.

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, N. J. Transferred from

AATlliam E. Hayes Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Albert Hermes Cook

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Hugh M. Hescock Sergeant

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Ealph B. Holmes Private

Attached to Unit in France.

Unit, Camp Dix. Bellows Falls, Vt.

Atlantic, Mass.

Baltimore, Md.

Topeka, Kans.

Frank C. Hopkins Private 1st Class Keene, N. H.

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918.

Dudley Hovey Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

James F. Hurley Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918. Transferred

Guy E. Jacobs Sergeant 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

William C. Jenkins Sergeant

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, N. J. Transferred from Unit overseas. Edwin Johnson Private

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, N. J. Transferred from Unit, Camp Dix.

Leon E. Jones Private 1st Class Portland, Me.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Boston, Mass.

Dorchester, Mass, from LTnit overseas.

Lynn, Mass. Dracut, Mass.

102

Ai^IF.HICAX 1 loMKOl’ATH Y IX THE 'WOHLD WaR

Edward W. Joy Soijioaiit 1st Class Roslon, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized Marcli 10. l!*ls.

Alfred L. Kaiser .Scii^eaiit 1st Class New York, X. Y.

Second detacJiment, mobiliz(‘d Marcli 111, I'.ilS. Transferred from Unit overseas. John F. Kavanaufjli Private 1st Class M'althani, Mass.

First detachment, mobilizc'd March 10. lOlS.

Michael .1. K('arm\v Private 1st Class Franklin^ Mass.

First detachment, mobilized Mtireh 10. I'.Us.

Theodore II, Kendrick Private 1st Class Hrookline, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, liiis. Transf(‘ired from Unit overseas. Raymond A. Kiniry Private 1st Class Bellows Falls. Vt.

First detiiehmenl, mobilized March 10. lOls.

James Ivitson P ivie Is' ("lass Boston. M:;ss.

First detachment, mobilized March 1". P.'l''.

William 1. Klin^hofi'r Privati' 1st ('lass Philaih'l j'hia, P:i.

First detachnu'nt, mobilized Mtirch lo. lois. Trtinsferred from Unit overseas. Don S. Knowiton .'^creeant Xew Ibiven, Conn.

First detachment, mobilized Maridi lo. p.Ms. 'rransfern'd from Unit oversetis. Wesley M. Lampe Private

Attached to Unit in Frtinee.

Dwijjht P. Etnvrenee PrivtOe 1st Chiss

First dettichment , mobilizecl March 10. l!tl''.

Frank 11. Lawrein'c Privtitc 1st Class

First detiiehmenl. mobilized March 10. 101'^.

Andrew Laurie Piivate 1st ('hiss

First detachment, mobilizeil March 10, I'.iis.

Laws E. liiiwson Priviite

Second detachment, mobilized March .".1. ptl''.

Ilenrv Li'al Cook

First detachment, mobilizeil M;ireh 10, ll'l''.

Walter A. Lecraw Private

Second detachment, mobilized March .'ll. l!'l''.

William II. Ta'ishleizer Cook

First detachment, mobilized March 10. 101''.

Hciidville, Mass. Belmont, Mass. Somerville, Miiss. filotieester. Mass. Peabody, Mass.

M'. Somerville, Mass. Everett, Masts.

Philip S. T.enioan .'serociinl Boston. Miiss.

First detachment, mobilized March 10. 1!>1S. Triinsferred from Unit overseas. Richard O. I,ewis Priviile

Attached to Unit, Camp Di.\. X. .1. Triinsferred from Unit. Camp Dix. Clifford L. I>eys Priviite 1st Class Xew A'ork, X. Y.

First detachment, mobilized Miireli 10, 101s.

Herbert I... lobby Priviili' 1st Class Boston. Mass.

Second detachment, mobilized Miirch .'11, 101 S. Triinsferred from Unit overseas. Patrick Linehan Priviite

zVttached to Unit, Camp Dix, X. .1. Transferred from I^nit, Camp Dix. Jeremiah Toioiie Private 1st Class llvde Park, Mass.

Second detachment, mobilized March .'ll. litl'^.

Jay C. MacCabe Piiviiie 1st Class Portland, Me.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, lOlS. Transferred from Unit overseas.

Kenneth C. MacDonald Private Dorchester, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized Miirch 10, lOl's. Triinsferred from Unit, Camp Dix, X. J. John .\. MacIntyre Private 1st Class Somerville, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 101 Alexander X. MacLean Private 1st Class Dorchester. Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, lOlS.

Linwood L. Macomber Private 1st Class Boston, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, lOlS.

The Battle of Pougues-les-Eaex

103

David B. MaeSwain Scigcaiit

First detachment, mobilized Marcli 10, 1918.

William Margolin Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Franci.s C. McCarthy Pilvate 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

John H. McCarthy Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Albei't E. McClellan Sergeant

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918. Transferred

John T. McCormick Cook

First Detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Thomas McGann Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Thomas F. McGrath Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Harvey D. McGray Piivate 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

IVilliam MeSharry Private 1st Class

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918.

William E. Miles Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

John W. Miller Private 1st Class

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, N. J.

Jolin H. Mitchell Cook

First detachment, molnlized March 10, 1918.

Joso]ih F. Mooney Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

James R. Moore Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918. Walter Moore Sergeant

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Guy L. Morrill Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918. Edwai'd I. Morse Corporal

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Dorchester, Mass.

Roxbury, Mass.

E. Gloucester, Mass.

Roxbury Mass.

Poston, Mass, from Unit overseas. Dorchester, Mass.

Brighton, Mass.

Xewton, Mass.

Arlington, Mass.

Brighton, Mass.

Arlington, Mass.

Rochester, N. Y.

Newark, N. J.

Boston, Mass.

Providence, R. 1.

Newton, Mass.

Portland, Me.

IVatertown, Mass.

Jeremiah Murphy Piivate

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, N. J. Transferred from Unit, Camp Dix.

William J. Murphy Private 1st Class Cliarlestown, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918. Transferred from Unit overseas. Tliomas J. Murray Private 1st Class Montello, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Alfonso Murino Private

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, N. .1. Transferred from Unit, Camp Dix.

Alfred G. Neish Sergeant 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Charles E. Nichols Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized Marcli 10, 1918.

George C. Nichols Private

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Walter P. Nichols Private 1st Class

First detacliment, mobilized March 10, 1918. Transferred John E. Nolan Cook

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Camliridge, Mass.

Newton, Mass.

Gloucester, Mass.

Melrose, Mass, from Unit, Camp Dix, N. J. Nashua, N. H.

104

AmKHU'AX 1 l()*MKOrATH V IX THK WoHI.I* WaU

Claude F. O’Donnell I’livate

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, X. .1. Transferred from Donald C. O ’X('il Private 1st Class

First dctacdiment, moldlized March 10. 1 Philip D. Ottenheimer Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, lOlS.

Zease X. Pa[)Oulian Cook

First detachment, mol)ilized March 10. 1018.

John 1). Parker Private 1st Class

Second detachment, mobilized March Jl, 1018.

Unit. Camj) Dix. Medford, Mass.

Fim'st Hills, Mass.

Haverhill. Mass.

San Francisco. Cal.

Claude 1. Parrott Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, liHS. I)ii d October IS, IDIS in l-'nince, Sidney F. Partriilijo Private 1st Cla.ss IVatertown, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 11H8. Transferred from Unit overseas.

Albert W. Perkins Hos|)ital .Sei'^eant Melro.s*' Hifihlands, Mass.

First detachment, molnlized March 10, 1018. Transferred from Unit overseas.

Hoy W. Peyman Private

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, X. .1. Transferred from Unit, Camp Dix.

Frederick .1. Pine Private 1st Class Hoston, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1018.

Evariste T. Porche Private' 1st Class Dorchester, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, l'.H8.

Thomas Porterhousi' Private

Attached to I'nit in France.

Owensboro. Ky.

Frank R. Powers Corporal

First detachment, moldlized March 10. 1018.

John P>. Powers Cook

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1018.

Fred H. Purvis Private 1st Class

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, lOlS.

Robert (1. Rae Private' 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1018.

William H. RalTerty Private' 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1018. Transferrcel

Winthreep, Mass.

Sonu'rville, Mass.

Heestem. Mass.

Hreickton, Mass.

Xewtem Center, Mass, freem Unit oversea.s.

John F. Reagan Ceeeek Watertown, Mass.

Second detachment, mobilized March .'‘.I, ltH8. Transferrcel from Unit overseas.

Edwin 1). Re'corel Private 1st Class Hoston. Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1!»18.

Edwarel Repetti Private 1st Class

Attached to Unit in France.

Irvinj; E. Richarel Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, liHS.

.Tohn 1). Rilev Private 1st Class

Se'cond detachment, mobilized March 31, 10 IS.

Frederick L. Ri]rley 8e'i},o'ant

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1018.

Wilson 11. Roaels Seifjeant 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1018.

Walelo A. Robb Private 1st Class

Second Detachment, mobilized March 31, 1!H8.

William A. Robinson Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1018. Transferred

Ralph W. Rogers Cor])oral

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1018.

St. Paul, Minn.

Hoston, Mass.

Mattapan, Mass.

Marblehead. Mass.

Lackawanna, X. Y.

Dedham, Mass, from Unit overseas.

Hrookline, Mass.

The Battle of Pououes-les-Eafx

105

Louis Romsisky Private 1st Class Boston, Mass.

Second detadiment, mobilized March 31, 1918. Transferred from Unit overseas. Thomas J. Runan Private Everett, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Francis C. Rnoney Sergeant X. Brookfield, Mass.

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918.

John J. Rooney Sergeant Jamaica Plain, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Leon Rosenberg Private

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, N. J. Transferred from Unit, Camp Dix.

Albert F. Roulo Sergeant 1st Class W. Somerville, Mass.

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918. Transferred from Unit overseas.

David Ruljien l^rivate

Attached to Unit, Camii Uix, N. J. Transferred from Unit, Camp Dix.

Chester C. Rundlett Private 1st Class Beverley, Mass.

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918.

Harry L. Runge Private

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, N. J. Transferred from Unit, Camp Dix. Michael J. Ryan Private 1st Class Allston, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Thomas K. Ryan Private

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, N. J. Transferred from Unit, Camp Dix. Nelson J. Sanford, Jr. Sergeant

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Michael P. Scanlon Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

John W. Schnepp Private 1st Class

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, N. J.

William A. Scott Private 1st Class

Attached to Unit in France.

Mill City, Mich. Lawrence, Mass. Philadelphia, Pa. Muscatine, la.

Richard J. Scullin Private 1st Class Brookline, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918. Transferred from Unit overseas. Louis P. Seith Master Hospital Sergeant Portland, Me.

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, N. J. Transferred from Unit overseas.

Frederick N. Shaw Private 1st Class Roxbury, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Hugh J. Simonson Sergeant

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Charles P. Slocomb Private

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Clarence E. Snow Private

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Douglas M. Spinning Private 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Cornelius J. Stack Private 1st Class Waukesha, Wis.

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918.

George T. Stafford Sergeant 1st Class Brookline, Mass.

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918. Transferred from Unit overseas

Lowell R. Stark Private 1st Class A^antic, Conn.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918. Transferred from Unit overseas.

N. Brookfield, Mass. Transferred from Unit overseas.

Transferred from Unit, Camp Dix, N. J. Boston, Mass.

Bridgeport, Conn.

Percy L. Sterling Private 1st Class E. Boston, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Mervin E. Stevens Sergeant 1st Class Woonsocket, R. 1.

Second detachment, mobilized March 31, 1918. Transferred from Unit overseas.

106

A^[F.HICAX I IoM KOl’ATH V IX THE AYoHED IV AR

Frederick .1. Stuart First detachment.	mobilized	Private 1st Class March 10. Ibis.	Roxbury, Mass.
Philip 11. Sumner First detachment.	mobilized	I’rivate 1st Class March 10. Ibis.	Rrookline, Mass.
Edward W. Sutherland First detachment.	mobilized	Cook March 10. P.i]s.	I’hiladeliihia, Pa.
Richard P. Tavlor First detachment.	mobilized	I’rivate 1st ('lass March 10. Ibis.	Rrookline, Mtiss.
Roy L. Terrill First detachment,	mobilized	I’livate 1st Class March lo. Ibis.	Rrockton, Mass.
AVilliam E. Thompson First detachment.	mobilized	Private 1st Chiss March lo. IblS.	Dorchester, Mtiss.
Edward M. Tobin Attached to Unit,	Cam]) Dix.	I’rivate 1st Class X. .1.	Oradell, X. J.
Arthur R. Turner		I’rivate 1st Class	.Vnn -Vrbor, Mich

First di'tuchnK'iit, rnobili/.i'd March III, l;ilS. Transferred from Unit overseas.

Oeorfje Fiiderhill I’li’.ate l.<t Class Xasliua, X. II.

First detaclinient^ mobilized Mareli in. Ibis.

Karl 11. Fnderliill I’rivate 1>| Clas.' Xashma. X. II.

8('cond detachment, mobilized March .11. Ibis. Transferred from Fnit overseas.

Joseph A. Fnijer I’rivate 1st ('hiss Xew York, X. Y.

Attached to Unit, Cam(> Dix, X. .1.

Frank G. Vidito Cook Mtihlen, Mass.

First detachment^ mobilized Mtirch in. Ibis.

Albert 11. M'aitt I’rivate 1-t Class Xewton, Miiss.

First deltichment , mobilized Mtin-h in. Ibis. Tr:insferri“d from Unit, Camp Dix, X. J.

Levin Wtiltz Corporal Koxbtirv, Mass.

Second detachment, mobilized March .'11. Ibis.

Allan II. W'tird 1 ’rival e 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized Match in. Ibis. Transferrei Lero.\' I’, W'iitson I’rivati'

First detachment, mobilized Mtirch in, IbD.

Riiljih .\. Wells ,'seroeant 1st Clas.s

First detachment, mobilized March in, l!>ls,

Kal[>h II. Wells Scroennr

First d(“tachment, mobilized March 1", Ibis.

'William H. ^Yeil('s I’ri\:ite

First detachment, mobilized March in. Ibis. Transferred from Unit overseas.

Georee M. M’hitcomb I’rivale 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March In, Ibis. Died May 10, 1020.

Louis (). Whitten I’rivate 1st Class

First detachment, mobilized March 10. Ibis.

Marion K. M'ilds I’rivate 1st Class

Attached to Unit, Camp Dix, X'. ,1.

Forrest K. Williams Cook

First detachment, mobilized March 10, lOlS.

Francis A. 'Williams Sergeant

First detachment, mobilized March 10, lOlS.

Ilarrv R. AYood I’rivate Winthrop lliohlands. Mass.

Second detacJiment, mobilized March dl, lOlS.

John R. M’ood I’livate

Attached to LTnit in France.

Ernest L. lYorster I’rivate

First detachment, mobilized March Kb lOlS. Transferred from llnit. Camp Dix, X'. J.

Chica^ro, 111. from Unit overseas. .'Spencer, Mass.

M’. Xewton, Mass.

Rrifihton, Mass.

Guvsboro, X*ova Scotia.

Mtilden, Mass. Columbia. S. C. .Somt'rville, Mass. Roston, Mass.

Winthrop lliohlands. Transferred from Unit overseas. Girard, Ivans.

The Battle of Pougues-les-Eaux

107

Nathaniel T. Worthen 12iid Lieut. S.C. Loston, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918. Transferred from Unit overseas. Joseph P. Wright (Sergeant 1st Class Needham, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

William M. Young Private 1st Class Middleton, Mass.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Edward Zimberg Private 1st Class New York, N. Y.

First detachment, mobilized March 10, 1918.

Nurse Corps Personnel

Lucy B. Abbott, Pekin, China.

Jennie S. Affleck,

Middleboro, Ontario, Canada.

Grace E. Ahearn, Norwood, Mass.

Anna M. Allan, Waltham, Mass.

Annie Libby Allan, Winthrop, Mass. Margaret H. AUan, Des Moines, Iowa. Elmyra Allen-Williams, Taunton, Mass.

Ethel Anderson, Rochelle, 111.

Mary E. Armstrong, Manchester, N. H. Edith A. Babcock, Dorchester, Mass. Margaret A. Bailey, Portland, Maine. Elizabeth Barrett, Little Rock, Ark. Theresa Barry-Anderson, Berkeley, Cal.

Eva M. Batchelder, Buffalo, N. Y.

Clara L. Beckwith, Boston, Mass.

Jessie P. Bennett, Haverhill, Mass.

Lulu H. Bennett, Bath, N. Y.

Susan M. Brady, Stamford, Conn.

Frances Burnside, New Haven, Conn.

Maud G. Caldwell, Watertown, Mass. Florence E. Caldwell, Chicago, 111.

Martha S. Campbell, Boston, Mass.

Ethel W. Conn, Woburn, Mass.

Margaret J. Cooper, Pasadena, Cal.

Alice Corning, Lynn, Mass.

Celia M. Crosse, Boston, Mass.

Margaret Cullen, Winchester, Mass.

Blanche A. Cushing, Springfield, Mass. Marguerite E. Davis, Fitzwilliams, N. H. Grace M. Dennis, Groton, Vt.

Teresa B. Duffy, Conway, N. II.

Margaret C. Erb, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada Elizabeth Fitzgerald, Providence, R. 1.

Alice H. Flash, San Francisco, Cal.

(Chief Nurse)

Annie French, Brookline, Mass.

Laura G. Frost, E. Taunton, Mass.

Mildred Fuller, Chicago, 111.

Helen A. Fulton-Rowland, Newton, Mass.

Jane M. Gallagher, Philadelphia, Pa.

Annie E. Gillett, Died July 16, 1921.

Clara I. Graham, St. George, Ontario, Canada. Grace A. Hanly, Winchester, Mass.

Marie A. Hansberry, Osterville, Mass.

Mary L. Hart, West Haven, Conn.

Jennie V. Hartwell, Ft. Oglethorpe, Ga.

Mary 11. Hatfield-Hall, Allston, Mass.

Mabel S. Hayden, Keene, N. H.

Agnes E. Henderson, Hingham, Mass.

Sarah N. Higgins, St. Paul, Minn. ,

Helen L. Hinds, Calais, Maine.

Elizabeth Holmes,

Florenceville, New Brunswick.

Florence Honey-Know Iton, Boston, Mass. Florence L. Howe, Roswell, New Mexico.

Cora M. Johnson, Plymouth, Mass.

Nellie il. Johnston, Boston, Mass.

Marion L. Jones, Brookline, Mass.

Irene H. Keene, Raleigh, N. C.

Esther Klain, Norw'ay, Maine.

Flora R. Landon, Burlington, Vt.

Ailene Lawrence, Died, July 25, 1921.

Addie M. Jones Locke, San Francisco, Cal. Edith G. Lyman-Mclntosh, Lynn, Mass. Susan E. McLeod, Boston, Mass.

Lillian T. McKinnon, Brockton, Mass.

Alice P. Manning, Cleveland, Ohio.

Stella A. Martin-Nangle, W. Philadelphia, Pa. Anna R. Maxw'cll, Brighton, Mass.

Helen L. Merrill, Boston, Maas.

Edith Monroe-Wilcox, Syracuse, N. Y.

Dorothy Moody-Lane, San Madical, New Mex. Eva M. Muiihead, Cortland, N. Y.

Christine M. Murphy, Detroit, Mich.

Mary J. Murray, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada. Rosanna O’Donoghue, Concord, N. H.

Jennie M. Palmer-Myer, St. Augustine, Ga. Evelyn Petiie,

Died, May 1918, of Fort OgletJwrpe, Ga.

108

A:mi:hk'ax I 1o:me{)i>ath y ix the AVohei* War

Nurse Corps

Clara Quoreau, Cortland, N. Y.

Grace H. Ri'dmond, Balston Spa, X. Y. Roscloo Rochon, Brattlcboro, Yt.

Edith Robhina, Buffalo, X. Y.

Ruth L Shurtlcff-Adanis, Amherst, Mass. Mary E. Sides, Malden, ^[as^.

Ruth E. StapleaAVhite, Boston, Mass. Mary Strollo, Stamford, Conn.

Mary Tasman, Lynn, Mass.

Ella F. Tinjjley, Camp Stotsenberg, Philippine Islands.

I.,ena A. Tobin, \Y. Somersville, Mass.

Frances

Personnel (Continued)

Marion A. Trnnan, Windsor, Vt.

Mary T. Toozo, Dorchester, Mass.

Alice J. Tweedie, Wollaston, Mass. Emma S. Vary, Medford, Mass. Minm'tte M. Verge, X*. Attleboro, Mass Etta M. Wallace, W. Somerville, Mass. Ruth ^Valker■Bangs, Maplewood, X. d. Isabel L. West, Grc'enville, S. C.

.\nna B. West, Died, October, liUO. Irene L. West, Washington, I). C. Elizal)eth E. Williams, Boston, Mass. Harriett I. Wilson. Lynn, Mass. Whynott, Roxbury. Mass.

Non-Enlisted Personnel

Charlotte L. Brown, Fargo, X’’. Dak. Margaret A. IIolland-Anderson,

Marion L. Coes-Kenney, Wilmington, Del. Fall River, Mass.

lli'len M. Hastings, Oklahoma City, Okla. Marion II. Peck, liy d Feb. 17, 1910 in France.

Dorothy Tyacke-Schlotterbeck, Allston, Mass.

Red Cross Personnel

Edward B. Vaill, (Captain), X’'ew York, X. Y.

Mrs. EvcInti Glavis, Washington, D. C. Miss Lucy T. Dougherty, Kansas City, Kans.

Nurse Corps, Base Hospital No. 44

}

Metropolitan Hosi)ilal, Xcw York City.

. Stair Ivosidonco. 2. lloine for I iifirmaiy Xurses. 2. Patlinlo<'ical l’>uil(lin<f. 4. West I’avilioii for aMoIo 'l'iiI)erculosis. o. I'last Wiiiff of .Main l>uil(lint?.

Forty- Eight

A History of

U. S. Army Base Hospital No. 48

Organized By the Metropolitan Hospital Department of Public Charities of the City of New York

FREDERICK M. DEARBORN

>N\

o

Xui'sos’ Home.

Prefatory Note

TOO little of personalities and too much of generalities must be the criticism of those who served in “Forty-Eight” and who happen in the future to read the following pages. Exactly the opposite will be the opinion of many who did not serve person- ally with our base hospital.

If a happy medium between the personal and impersonal has been attained, no more can be desired. In any event, it is hoped that this brief history will serve the purpose of a chronicle besides offering a human view of our organization. Thus may our person- nel be reminded of their collective achieve- ment and be stimulated to remember their individual troubles and joys.

Lieutenant Colonel William F. Honan Director, Base lIosj)ital, Xo. 4S

Agnes L. Ward Superintendent of Nurses ^Ictropolitan Hospital

Walter 11. Conley, M.l). Superintendent Metrojiolitan Hospital

Chief Nurse Helene D. Bengston Base Hospital No. 48

Forty -Eight

ORGANIZATION

At the aimiial meeting of the American Institute of Homeo- pathy held in Rochester in June, 1917, enthusiasm for war service was very great. The announcement that the Massachusetts Homeo- pathic Hospital had been granted a base hospital by the American Red Cross was received with satisfaction. After a general dis- cussion a motion was offered and unanimously carried that the President appoint a committee of three to offer to the Federal Government the services of three base hospitals, to be raised in New York, Philadelphia and Chicago. Doctors Sawyer and Dear- born of this Committee met with numerous officials in Washington on July 9th and held conferences at later dates in Philadelphia, New York and Chicago. In this connection it is interesting to note the splendid gathering of representative homeopaths called to Washington on July 27th, 1917, at the request of the Chairman of the General Medical Board, Council of National Defense. The Metropolitan Hospital and its unit were represented at this meet- ing by Doctors Honan, Dearborn, Grant, Rankin, Coleman and Johns.

A special meeting of the Medical Board of the Metro])olitan Hospital was called on July 18th at the office of the President, Doctor Rankin, where the formal offer of a base hospital to be raised by the Metropolitan, as well as the written i^ermission of the Commissioner of Public Charities enabling the hospital to tender its services, was forwarded to Colonel J. R. Kean, Red Cross Headquarters, Washington, D. C. This was promptly acknowledged and the Medical Board appointed a I)ase hospital committee, consisting of Doctors Dearborn (Chairman), Benson, Carleton, Coleman, Honan, Howard, McDuffie, Root and Swift, with full power to select the director and principal officers. Ten days later Doctor W. F. Honan, one of the senior surgeons of the Metropolitan Hospital, was elected Director of the unit with Doctors A. R. Grant and F. M. Dearborn as chiefs of the Surgical and Medical sections thereof. While this action was immediately announced to the Director of Military Relief, American Red Cross,

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AmKHIC'AX 1 lOMKOl’ATH Y IX THE WoHLI) WaH

Washington, it was only after nninerons delays and frequent trips to Washington on the ]>art of Doctor Honan tliat he tinally received his appointment as Director on Se])teinher 11th, 1917. The for- mation of the base hosjiital was authorized on the same date.

The Metropolitan llosi)ital, having enjoyed a continuous life of forty-two years as a niunici])al institution and being the largest general hos])ital in the United States with a maximum capacity of twentv-two hundred beds, naturallv had a large attending and inteiTie staff as well as an alumni as.^odation composed of nearly four hundred ex-internes. On July loth a (piestionnaire was sent out to all these men asking for volunteers to man the war hospital. Altho a great nianv of the vouimer men were alreadv in the ser- vice, more than a hundred a])pli('ants for the various positions res])onded to the a])])eal. From this number the official coni])le- ment of thirtv medical and suruical men were selected. Everv effort was made to secure an evenly balanced staff, representing all the necessary s])ecialties. At least two-thirds of those chosen were above thirty-live years of age inasmuch as the requirements for a base hospital jiersonnel call for exiierience in many and varied lines. No less than .seven had received jirevious military training.

A further and pressing work foi- the Dase Hospital Committee was the vital question of raising funds. At the time the original offer was inade to the (lovernment, about $93,000 was pledged but it was essential to have at lea.st $110,000. Thus in August, 1917, an active cam])aign was instituted. Contributions were received from over three hundred individuals, all thru homeojiathic phys- icians of New York City and vicinity and up])cr New York State. It was thru the ])atients and friends of Doctors Honan, Benson, Dearborn and Grant that most of the funds were obtained. A large sum was spent by the various Bed Cross Chapters and auxiliaries working for our Unit. However, no e.Mimate can be made of the innumerable hours of service given by women connected with these organizations. lYith the concurrence of the New York County

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Eed Cross Chapter, a prominent New York lawyer, Mr. George E. Hite, Jr., was appointed Treasurer. It is interesting to note that all this money was raised and administered without the slightest tax on the principal thereof, inasmuch as all the necessary ex- penditure was generously paid by those engaged in the work. While it is impossible to go into the exact details of the contribu- tions, it is not amiss to mention that the Eed Cross Chapters of Eutherford, N. J., and Grafton, Mass., as well as the following auxiliaries of the New York County Eed Cross Chapter, No. 29 of the Eutgers Presbyterian Church, No. 215 of the Broadway Pres- byterian Church, No. 73 of the Collegiate Eeformed Churches of New York City and later our own Base Hospital branch (located in the Hotel Chatham), all worked together to make the necessary surgical dressings and hospital linen and to purchase the sheets, operating room linen, mess linen and the numerous garments needed for a unit. Early in October, Mrs. Agnes McMurrich of the Eutgers Auxiliary was appointed Eeceiver of Supplies and acted most efficiently in this capacity.

All the equipment was made in October, November and Decem- ber, packed for shipment and stored in the Manhattan Storage Warehouse Company in New York City, without expense to the Unit. Numerous other gifts of knitted woolen garments were made by groups of wmmen in New York, Stamford, Conn., and Grafton, Mass., a beautiful set of flags was presented by a loyal friend, enough money was subscribed to purchase a professional library for the Unit which was augmented by gifts from various physicians, and Boericke and Tafel generously outfitted the Unit with homeopathic drugs. The New York County Eed Cross Chapter, thru its base hospital division assisted in the organization of our Unit notably by referring many applicants for examination in the enlisted personnel and procuring three ambulances of the standard G. M. C. model for our use. It may be stated here that the other gasoline equipment was likewise promised but along with the extra ambulances we were unable to take them to France. Once upon the scene of operations, such equipment as we needed

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A:\ii:htcax Homeopathy in the AVould AVar

Mas supposed to l)e siii)i>lie(l by loeal authorities in the A. E. F. Naturally, mueli oi‘ the e(juii)iiieiit had to be ])roeured Iroiii the army supi)ly depots in New A\)rk City by s])e('iti(' and direct orders of the AVar 1 )ei)artuieut.

Ill late November, 1917, Ala.jor A\b T. lielmiith was detailed by the Whir 1 )e])artmeiit to examine and reeruit the necessary men for onr enlisted ])ersonnel. lie M'as ably assisted in this labor by the staffs of the Aletropolitan and Flower Hospitals. Thru the courtesy of Doctor ('opeland and the authorities of the Flower Hos])ital, these examinations M'ere held during’ December in that institution except M’hei’e it was neeessasy to go to Utica to examine a large nninber of local r(‘eriiits in tliat city. About three hundred a])])li('aiits M’ere ('xamined, (d' M’honi a hundred and lifty-three ])assed, w(>re duly enlisted and sworn into the service as members of the Unlisted Ah'iUs Reserve, U. S. Army. It is interesting to note that of those a('ee])ted, fifty-three came from New ATirk City, sixty-six from otluo- ]>arts of New York State (‘si)eeially in and around Utica, fourteen from New.h'rsey, ten from Dennsylvania, live from ( 'onneeticiit, three from Illinois and one (‘adi from Ohio and Keiitiieky. AVhile a majority Mere in the so-cailled draft age, (piit(' an ap])r(‘eiabl(' minority m’(‘1’(' nnd('r tM’eiity-oiie or over thirty-one. The various trades and occupations essential to the suc- cessful M'orking of a base hos]»ital M’cre re])r('sented in this grou]). All (d‘ the original fifty base hospitals raisc'd by the Red ('ross M’ere niamu'd by ])ersonnels of superior intellig('nee. So it M’as M’ith our Unit. Nearly all M’ere volunteers and as such might be expected to have a large inthuaiee upon the future M’ork and success of the Unit.

Another endeavor of the Rase Hos])ital Committee at this time M’as to select a chief niii’se for the I^nit and the necessary sixty- five nur.ses for a base hos])ital. as then organized. In the course of a foM' M’eeks, this number M’as raised to a hundred. Thru the intere.st of Aliss Agnes AVai’d. Superintendent of Nurses, Aletro- politan iros])ital, Aliss Helene D. Hengston, a graduate of the AIeti’0])olitan and at this time Su])erintendent of the Coney Island

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Hospital, Department of Public Charities, was selected for the position of Chief Nurse and her api)ointment approved by the Red Cross authorities. Inasmuch as over forty graduates of the Metro- politan had already gone into army service, it was necessary tor those engaged in the work of selecting nurses to go outside of our hospital and even outside of New York State so that they might acquire the regulation number of graduates from homeopathic institutions. A careful examination of our nurses roster will reveal that many training schools furnished their quota to make u]i the required hundred. In all that pertained to the welfare of our Unit, Doctor Walter Conley, Superintendent of the Metro- politan Hospital, was vitally interested. In recognition of his help to the Federal Clovernment during the war. Doctor Conley was commissioned Lieut. Col., M. R. C. in 1922.

Naturally the commissioned personnel as originally selected underwent many changes during the winter of I9I7-I8. No less than eight men who were tentatively chosen had to withdraw l>e- cause of illness or the press of business affairs, or because the Government needed them in some other capacity. The ranks held by many of the original appointees were notoriously below what was allowed for a base hospital, Imt in time promotions remedied this defect. As originally planned, the full complement consisted of twenty-two physicians and two dentists. These figures do not include the Commanding Officer, Adjutant, Quartermaster, Mess Officer, Registrar and Chaplain. None of these, with the excep- tion of the last named, were we expected to select. A statistical summary of the physicians enumerated shows that they graduated from the following institutions: New York Homeopathic Medical College, nine; Hahnemann of Philadelphia, seven; Hahnemann of Chicago, two and one each from the Boston LTiiiversity, University of Michigan, New York University and Ohio State University. Thirteen of the number resided in New York State, five in Penn- sylvania, two in Illinois, one in Massachusetts and one in Ohio. Twenty of them were members of the American Institute of

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A.AIKUK'AX I lo.MKOI’ATH V IX THK AVoHLD AVaI{

J l()iiK'()i)at]iy and only four were in the draft ae;o. all the others beinu' over thirty-one.

It was ne('essary dnrinu’ this winter of orj^anization to establish anion, u' the otfiei'rs a eoninninity of pnrjiose and to ontline certain procaaliires which would ]-esiilt in tlu‘ develojiinont of a working- unit, hence it was that a conference was called for Jannarv 19th and 20th, 1918. A formal dinner was given by Majors Honan and Deai’liorn at the Union League Club, New A’'ork City, on the evening of the fiiM dav of the conference and was attended bv nineteen of the officers, the others being unable to get away from their duties. The .guests included the members of the Aletropolitau I'lase Hospital Committee, Dean (’o]ieland, the Hon. Hird S. Coler, Commissioner of Public Charities, Major J. H. Griffin, Ass’t Division Surgeon at Camp Upton, Major Helmuth, Doctor Conley, Major Alexis Carrel and ('aptain Dehelley of the French Army (both of whom wei’e then stationed at the Kockefcller Tn.stitute). Commissioner Coler jiresided and ]U'0])0.sed the usual toasts, after which Major Honan called upon various s])cakers who outlined their share in the e.stablishmcnt of the Unit and their interest in the success of the same. It is no exaggeration to say that Major Cari'er.s remarks about war conditions in Franci' and Ca])tain Dehelley "s vivid recital of his own ex])criences with the French Medical Commission in Poumania will never be forgotten by those foi-tunate enough to hear them. The following morning the officers of the Unit met in conference at the Xew York Athletic Club to discuss ways and means essential to the success of the organiza- tion. During this session, Alajor Griffin, who had come esi)ecially from Chun]) U])ton to enlighten the officers as to their duties and efjui])inent, s])oke for nearly three hours concerning these matters.

During this formative period the number of medical officers was increased to twenty-eight ])lus two dental officers and six others in the administrative group. A few of the officers were already in active service but the majority did not enter upon real duties until Alarcli and April, 1918. They were then ordered to take

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special courses to fit them for their particular specialties or were directed to proceed to various camps iu eastern United States. The balance were ordered to the Port of Embarkation, Hoboken, N. J. After the enlisted personnel had been selected, a few were chosen to serve in civilian hospitals in New York City, mostly in the Hahnemann and Metropolitan Hospitals, in order that their knowledge of medical and surgical technique might have a real foundation.

The Origrinal Non-Commissioned Officers of Base Hospital No. 48. Ft. Mcdleni'y, Md., iMay 1918. Left to Eight — Sergts. McBride, Riedel, McLean, Philipp, Diefenbach, Clarke, Lowery, A. Boles and Robt. Johnson.

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A:niertca.\ Homeopathy ix ruE Would War

Foirr Mrl Iexrv

Late in February, 1918, Lieut. Tliouias F. Davies was ordered to mobilize the enlisted personnel of L>ase Hospital No. 48 in Xew York City. Assemblinu- at the National Serviee Club, oi)po.site the Pennsylvania Station on the niorninc: of March Gth, a hundred and forty-six ununitorined recruits were ready to enter the service of the (iovernment. They left about 1 P. ]\L and reached U. S. General Ho.s])ital No. 2. Ft. McHenry, Md., the same evening. The few men who had not been able to 2:0 down with this detach- ment joined within a few days, thus disposinc: of the oriijinal complement. The misa])])r('hension that we in New York labored under relative to the necessity of a quick res])onse to the orders directing Lieut. Davies to take the detachment to Ft. McHenry, was unfounded. Later it was learned that the men mic:ht have heeu pai’tially e(iuip])ed and uniformed before Icaviiui; New York if the pro])er inteiqn’etation of the oi'der had been ]>o.ssiblc. Neither the I^nit nor its officers had ycd acquired that ha])])y frame of mind that reads all oialers between the lines and then ]>roceeds to obey them. From a military view ])oint. it was a sorry lookimi; aii'crre^a- tion that left the Pennsylwinia Station, with every variety of baguape that it was possible for men to carry, but they all had health and s])ii-its. No nu'an essentials I'or tbe work to come.

From March Gth to June 20th, 1918, was a ])eriod of in.struc- tion and ex])erience as far as the men of “48” were concerned. A minimum amount of military drill and a maximum of discipline together with all the ramificatioiis of hos]»ital work mi2:ht he said to com])rise the curriculum of this ])criod. ^lajor W. D. Herbert of the l\e,e;ular Army iSIedical Cor])s took command of the Unit on April 2nd and from that time until the date of de])arture from Ft. McHenry nine other officers joined the Unit. It is also essential to state that the ])crsonnel was increased to two hundred enlisted men, hence other a]q Jicants were examined in New York and L^tica and forwarded to Ft. iMcTlenry. A few were transferred to us from other orp;anizations in the Medical Department and in turn a number of our enlisted men and officers were ordered away from

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“48” to otlier services or institutions. At this time the first pro- motions to the ranks of corporal and sergeant were made and a number of the officers received an advance in rank. All that per- tained to military, jirofessional and athletic activities at General Hospital No. 2 were fully participated in by Base HosjDital No. 48. The “Trouble Buster,” a weekly newspaper at Ft. McHenry was entirely the product of our Unit and it was a sure forecast that they would do something in this line when they reached France. The machinists, carpenters, barbers, tailors, cooks, chauffeurs, orderlies, technicians and various clerical staffs all had a chance to demonstrate their natural ability and lack of training in things military. There was, however, a great advantage accruing to our Unit from their stay in Ft. McHenry, in that from the very start they had a permanent home for three and a half months in a work- ing military hospital with opportunities for actual service. Naturally it was of reciprocal advantage to General Hospital No. 2 because if they needed any special work to be done, a man or men from “48” was ready to do the job. The weather for the most part was splendid and the men were comfortably lodged in barracks, while the few officers of the Unit present during this period lived in wooden cottages.

Lieut. Col. Purnell commanded at Ft. McHenry and the Unit has reason to be grateful to him for his very appropriate notion of disci]iline and his willingness to help in all details. It was during this time that Bowie, John Broderick, Edwin Clarke, James Honan, Silvernail and Weinstein received commissions in other branches of the service. Two of these fortunate ones. Lieutenants Broderick and Honan, became Mess Officer and Registrar of “48,” respectively. An elaborate field meet as well as other farewell ceremonies were ]>articipated in ]irior to the departure of the Unit from Ft. McHenry. While the usual rumors were current long before the Unit finally got away, as a whole we were not subject to the same hectic times that many similar organizations enjoyed in other camps. Because of certain defects in our equipment at Ft. McHenry, it was necessary

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A-Mi;rk'ax 1 Iom Koi’ATii V IX Til i; AVoliUi War

for the Conmiaiuline: Officer and the Director to make freciuent tri])s To A\'asliiii<itoii and New York. In ihis way it was jxissihh* for Majors Herbert and Honan to frequently meet officers of the Unit who were stationed elsewhere and to keej) in touch with tlie work that was beine: carried on by our friends in New York C’ity and by the Base Hos])ital Committee.

Hiking Party, Officers of Base Hospital X’o. 48, Roanne, July 1918.

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'■J'rAYEIJXG O VEKSEA8

It cannot be said that anyone was nnliappy to leave Ft. Mc- Henry because it meant that the dei»artnre for overseas was im- minent. At 10 A. M., June 20tli, eleven officers and two Imndred and four enlisted men of Base Hospital No. 48 left Baltimore via the Pennsylvania Railroad and arrived at Camp Mills, Long Island, N. Y., at 8 P. M. the same day. This proceeding was per special order No. 209, Headcpiarters, Eastern Department, dated June 9tli, 1918. The trip up from Baltimore was pleasant because of the anticipations and hopes enjoyed by all. In common with the lot of traveling troops in our country there was much spasmodic feeding at every stop. Let it here be said that this temptation to indigestion was overdone in this country and underdone abroad. During the last ten days of June the remainder of the officer i3er- sonnel reported for active duty, Lieut. 5Yoodmansee being the last to materialize. One of our complement, Lieut. Dessloch, never reported because he had in the meantime been attached elsewhere.

Our Chaplain, Father Walter O’Brien, was unable to sail due to a mix-up in orders and Lieut. Broderick developed pneu- monia and was transferred to the base hospital at Camp Mills on July 2nd. To enumerate the other temporary casualties it is only necessary to state that Privates Carretto and Granger were also transferred to the hos]iital. Private Brady went A, W. O. L. and Sergt. Freedman was transferred to Newport News. Lieut. Broderick and Privates Granger and Brady eventually rejoined our hospital in France. To offset these losses. Sergeant Rosse was transferred to our Unit from the Medical Research Laboratory at Mineola, N. Y. Thus, of the original complement of thirty-nine officers and two hundred and four enlisted men, the actual number sailing became thirty-six officers and two hundred and one enlisted men. No less than eight of the officers had received their promo- tion to the next higher grade before leaving Ft. McHenry, and Lieut. Miller received his Captaincy while in Camp Mills. Originally the Unit was housed in tents off the main avenue of the camp but after the first week we moved to Section 3,

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A:sri:HiCAX Homeopathy ix the Wop.i.d War

iioaTer the entrance and jnst l)aek of (‘ainj) liea(l(inarters. Tlie food snp])ly was excellent and the i)i’e])aration hy onr own cooks even better. Kverv dav fresh excitement was caused bv the departure of various units for overseas, including: Hase IIos])itals No. 15, Xo. 25 and Xo. 42.

Ixiiinors from sources nmiumtionahle had it that we were to U'o everywhere from Italy to the Xorth Pole. iMany of the officers and men iT'ceived visitoi-s and memhers of their families and not a few u'il'ts such as snpplic's of ci_u-ar('ttes and ci,e;ai’s were left as the iT'snlt of these excursions. A uil't of a hundred and forty-four s])(‘cially niannraclur(‘d hyj)od(‘rmic .s(>ts were recc'ived for officers and nurses and duly packu'd. It is i)athetic to relate that many of tlu' u'ifts, such as tlu* comforts (Mijoved hy Major (Irant in his tent, had to h(> hh't hi'liind and W(M-e donated to the ])ermanent camp. Xnmei’ous examinations w('i'(' held to determine the ])hysical tit- ness of the outlit and on AV(Mlnesdav, July drd, they were finally passed as jun-p'ct. 'fhe discipline of the entire ])ersonncl at this time was exceptional hut nev(Mlh(4e.ss, three cases of “cooties” were found July 1st and (meriietically exterminated. A detail of interest I’clates to the very sjK'cial chai\e:c of Corporal ('lifford, onr bunny l\hineland(‘r and his ])res('rvation for a sad fate over- seas. This animal was onr real mascot and much esteemed. It may he noted that extra and useful ecjuipment, such as officers’ revolvers were ])rocured and the nece.ssarv initialine; of all bajj.saf^e was duly attended to in these last few days. Everyone who ])re- sumed that he had the sli<rhtest excuse, attempted to 2;et S(une leave.

On the morninu: of July 4th the head(piarters’ and officers’ heavy ha,e:2:a,2:e was collected by a Quartermaster truck aud taken to the ( 'linton Avenue station to be euarded by Lieut. Chase and a de- tail of eiirht men. After a delay of .some hours they loaded the duffle and s])ed on their way to the l)oat. It is recorded that there were eighty-four ]>ieces of officers’ hand baggage packed at the last moment in an itinerant Ford which had been hired by some thoughtful officer. Included in this lot were thirty-six of those

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elaborate bathing suits which were supposed to keep one alive even after the occupant had been in the ocean many hours. At 10 A. M. on our Country’s natal day, Base Hospital No. 48, minus the detail referred to, left for the station in columns of fours. A Sanitarv Train and Trench Motor Batterv were also along. Leav- ing the Clinton Avenue station at 11 A. M. we arrived at Long Island City where a ferry boat traveled down the East River around the Battery and up the Hudson to Pier 54. This trip of forty minutes was enlivened liy the noteworthy and elevating singing of the enlisted men. Eventually the S.S. “ Aqiiitania, ” a Cunard liner of huge size and recent vintage, was boarded at 3 :30 P. M. Lunch had been eaten all the way from Camp Mills to the boat but on the dock the women of the Canteen Service of the Red Cross served additional “feeds” and handed out post cards an- nouncing our safe arrival, a somewhat premature precaution it seemed to all. Both officers and men boarded from the second floor and soon had made themselves completely at home. This beautiful day was marred oidy by the physical effort necessary to carry individual baggage. It is anticipated that anyone reading this will know that every officer who had a huge bag has regretted it to this day. Only those who enjoyed mental responsibilities had details to carry some of their kit. Fortunately the spiral stairs of the dock were not used and the lift was a welcome succor.

Our first official meal at 6 :30 P.M. on the shi]) augured good food, not wastefifllv distributed but of fair varietv. The enlisted men had the first class salon because it was more roomy, while the officers dined in the second class in two messes. The rooms, many with private baths, were splendid and it can be said that every officer was more than pleased with his home for the sea trip. The “Aqiiitania,” the largest commercial liner in service, was built in 1914 with tonnage of 45,600, length 901 ft. and breadth 97 ft. She carried a crew of eight hundred and about sixty-two hundred troops. Major General Hodges of the 76th Division was in command with the 151st Brigade Headquarters, 302nd Infantry, two batteries of the 111th Field Artillery, 104th Sanitary Train,

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AmKUK'AX 1 lo.MKOl’ATH V IX THE WoUED WaH

]04th Trench Victor Jlatterv, Xo. 1 Mobile Oiicratins^ Unit, a spe- cial laboratory (lcta('lnnent, the nurses of J^ase Hospital Xo. 46 ])lns bfty others for the mobile p'onp, some casual officers and men as well as ourselves. There were ]irobablv three hundred officers aboard of whom nearly half were medical. Colonel iMoncreif was the senior medical officer while our C. O., Lieut. Col. Herbert, was ajijiointed Sanitary Ins])ector of troops. Lieutenants DeTnncq and Robertson were detailed to help look after the Field Artillery. The shij)’s hos])ital contained forty-live beds as well as a eontauious ward of fifteen beds and was placed under the care of Rase Hosjiital Xo. 48. Reuular details of our enlisted men and the nnrses of Rase Hospital Xo. 46 officiated all through the tri]). Five each of our medical and suro;ical officers, one dentist. Captain T..ei,2:hton, and the Reu:istrar, Lieut. Honan, eonpirised the officer ])er.sonnel for this hosi)ital service which was light, varying from four to twenty-six ])atients daily. The first o])era- tion was asj)iration of the knee joint, performed by Captains L’eynolds and White on July 5th. An acute appendix was operated by Major (Jrant on July 9th without interrupting the course of the vessel. Just before the end of the trip a few cases of measles develojicd and it was necessary to quarantine these as well as some contacts. Inasmuch as the entire trip was ])leasant with only slight showers to mar the weather, sea sickness was ])ractically absent. Tn a vessel of this size the zigzag cour.se ]mrsued, inasmuch as we w(>re not in c(mvoy nor ])rotected by any war vessels, was no hindranee to the comfort of any aboard.

^Vhile it might be intei’esting to dwell in detail uj'ion the oceurrenees of this most satisfactory cruise, it will suffice to say that most of the ]Kissengcrs were quite oblivious of danger and enjoyed themselves as much as their official duties would permit. X^aturally no lights were allowed after sundown, in fact no one was even ])ermitted to smoke on deck. It was noticeable, however, that the shi]^’s officers did not take this tirecaution ]U’obably be- cause they felt that the ends of their cigarettes and cigars were not visible to the undersea Cernians. Setting-up exercises were

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regularly lield for officers and men and boat drills were frequent. Lectures on the proper interpretation of the Manual of the Army Medical Corps were indulged in to the joy of everyone. It was not intended that time should be wasted and about the only leisure that anyone had was when wrapped in the arms of Morpheus. As many of Base Hospital No. 48 had had a strenuous time prior to their sailing, the trip across was indeed a rest. The usual con- cert and entertainment was held Tuesday evening with a collec- tion for the worthy objects usually exploited on shipboard. The enlisted men had movies and boxing matches in which Base Hos- pital No. 48 was ably represented by Sergeant Hallam as a fighter.

Our departure from the United States and approach to England were noteworthy because of the ample protection afforded in each event. We left the dock New York City, exactly at 3:21 P. M. July 5th and Ambrose Light was passed at 5:26 P. M. While there was a good deal of whistle blowing and waving of hands as the boat went down the river, everyone was ordered to quarters before reaching the Battery and only allowed out again after reaching the Narrows. Forward where four six inch guns were, a gun pointer of the British Navy was stationed, assisted by a detail of American artillervmen. There were also four similar guns at the stern. On the way out we passed a sausage balloon and submarine chasers. A dirigible hovered over us at the harbor entrance as well as two hydroplanes which accompanied our course for at least ten miles off shore. At the Ambrose Light- ship, six destroyers attached themselves to us and these beautiful camouflaged creations of cubist design stayed with us until mid- night. Nearing the end of our journey, Thursday, July 11th, at 10 A. M., four United States destroyers were picked up off starboard and within an hour were arranged two on each side of us. Everyone was glad to see this evidence of Uncle Sam’s Navy because of the comfy feeling engendered. About 5 P. M. a fifth destroyer came up off the southwest corner of Ireland which was now distinctly visible. The mental atmosphere of the few that were depressed was now much improved and some gaiety was visible even among

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American I Iomeorath v in the AVored AA'ar

the enlisted men far down lielow. At 8 A. M., Friday, July 12th, AVales was plainly diseernihle to the i-ight and a diris^ible, Xo. 51, joined to aceonpuiny ns ii]) the Irish Sea, whidi was as smooth as a mill pond. Steamers, trawlers and sailine: slii])s were much in evidence. The destroyers were still with us and likewise a mine sweeper ahead. The Bar Liglit was reai'hed at 11 :45 A. AI. and a ]ulot came on hoard at noon ,uoin<i- up the Alersey to Liverpool on our final la]i. At the Lie:ht the destroyers and Xo. 51 left our ship while dirigibles Xo. 34 and Xo. 35 ke])t tabs on us effectually and came very near overhead while we maneuvered for the dock. The 302nd Infantry was landed shoi-tly after 2 P. M. and thereafter the troops went ashore at regular intervals hut Base Hospital Xo. 48 did not leave her satisfactory (piarters until after sipiper and then departed by the London and Xorthwest Kailroad at 10:30 P. Al. for our two hundred mile trip to the South of England.

Des])ite the fact that it was now night, very few slept but managed to catch glim])ses of ghostly scenery as shown by various manufacturing ]>lants at work with double shifts, day and night. AVhat slee])ing was enjoyed on this trip was in the sitting ])osture but it was a S])lendid introdudion to what was to come. In the early morning the beautiful countryside of South England was much a])]U’cciated by everyone and the names of the towns were so familiar that many thought they were back in our own Xew England. The remains of our twenty-four hours rations is.sued on shi]') were eaten at the usual odd intervals indulged in by troops in transit, with the result that oidy tho.'^e cautious ones known to all outfits had anything left when we reached Southampton. About 8 A. AL, July Pith, the march was taken u]i to the rest camp, three miles north of Southani]iton. This was a ra])id performance with- out a halt, demonstrating the lack of military knowledge enjoyed by the officers in charge. Alore than one individual dropped out because of heat or mental ])rostration, it being difficult to diagnose the exact cause. After the usual ]ioor breakfast served in these cam]is, sleej) was suggested on mattresses for a few hours. The camp was ])rettily located with splendid trees about and sup])lied

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with Y. M. C. A. and Keel Cross tents. However, these were prin- cipally famous because of their lack of tobacco and sweets. A few of the officers and men were able to go to town and make such purchases as a civilian larder afforded. It was necessary to get a special permit from the town commandant to procure two large war cakes for Major Dearborn’s birthday. Lieut. Col. Honan, Major Grant and Captain Reynolds managed to get a game of golf, which was the first of many attempts that these ardent enthusiasts made during their service abroad. After a travel ration of two sandwiches of jam and war bread had been issued, the outfit marched four miles back through town saying good-bye to the various children who seemed the only ones interested. Plenty of able bodied men were indulging in sports on the play ground in the center of the town as we passed at 3 :30 P. M., but inasmuch as all parts of England were filled with convalescent and wounded soldiers it is possible that these games were a therapeutic attempt.

Shortly after 7 P. M., July 13th, the S.S. “Caesarea,” a small Channel steamer, was boarded and we sailed for Havre with another troop ship. It was still daylight at 9:15 P. M. as we passed the Isle of Wight on the right. Plenty of shipping lay outside of the net line guarded by destroyers, two of which left their anchorage to convoy us. Seaplanes were abundant in all directions. We anchored at the head of Siiithead for a few minutes and then proceeded on our way for a relatively smooth passage. This was the only thing that prevented much seasickness inasmuch as the boat was jammed as tight as may be imagined. While the officers had staterooms or bunks, most of the men found it con- venient to wedge themselves in after the manner of sardines. On France’s birthday, July 14th, at 3:30 A. M. we docked at Havre. It was raining and chilly and the much advertised birthday cakes of the previous day were consumed for breakfast along with something called colfee. At 7 :30 we disembarked and started on a four mile hike to the American Rest Camp of Sanvic, outside of the city and beautifully situated on a promontory jutting into the sea. It rained off and on all through this day but it cannot

132

American Homeopathy in the Wohlh War

be said that oiir lia])piness at l)ein,u' in Franec was dam])ened tliereby. Tlie niareh to and from the eani]) was aeeoin])anied by singino- and wliistliiiR- and at one ])oint an American iiand ])layed ns on jnst about at the ])sycliolo,ai(‘al moment wlien everyone was well worn out. A few fortunate ones had the op])ortunity to see well-huilt .Havre and to (‘iijoy the (‘elelirations staged on this day. Tnasmuch as our enlisted fori'e had their entire eciuipment with them, they wei-e able to tind coni])arative comfoi-t in the i-est cam]) but the olti('crs, who had nothina, spcait an unha])])y niaht on wooden doors. This was made all tlu' more* attractive by a certain Captain's loud and (‘ontinuous snorina.

It would seem that July b'tli was mainly devoted on the ])art of everyone' to T<><>(1 nu'al. In the main these efforts

succeeded and Ix'fore w(' d('part('d at 11:45 that evenina for our destination at K’oanne, nearly everythina in sia'ht was ])urchased so that it may be said that the two days emeraency ration just issued was aua'inented to such a dearce that the trij) was hardly a starvation jaunt. Of the journey that started late July 15th and ended at Txoanne at 11 :30 A. INI.. July ISth, this much can be said : it was a distinct novelty to a majority of Hase lIos])ital

Xo. 48. The ])leasant FiT'iich countryside, the old towns, the many troo]) trains of soldiers b) the Front, convoys of

wounded, sick and ticket of leave men returnina. not to mention the frantic efforts on the ]>art of everyone to stretch their leas on the least excuse, all contributed to kee]) one intere.sted. We were far better accommodated than were many of the Combat Troo])S inasmuch as six officers were allotted to a com]iartment and eiaht men to a box of like dimensions. The famous cars labeled “Hommes — 3b-40. ('hevaux — 8." were in evidence everywhere and we were to become well acquainted with these l)efore our tour in France ended. After followina the Seine to Poissy we started an encirclina movement about Paris, j^assina St. Cyr and Versailles to J mdsy. At the last mentioned place we were held up for various reasons for hours. Beina only six miles from the center of Paris we were able to see the Eiffel Tower and other familiar objects.

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All air raid over the city was heralded by the sirens wiiicli blew for twenty minutes and later “all clear” wuis sounded. Some isolated cannon sliots heard during- this time were our first intro- duction to real w^ar. Our second concrete evidence of the same w-as numerous Cferman prisoners, husky looking cha]is, working in the railroad yards and apparently enjoying their lot.

Our train had been shifted and reshifted until at last Base Hospital No. 48 occupied all tlie remaining coaches, twai being for the officers, six for the men and two for baggage. Nevers, which WT wTre to know well later on, was passed during the night and at 6 A. M. Thursday we all aw-oke at Moulins. Here w^ere many evidences of the air raids but much new^ building, with factories and cam]is all about. Following the Allier Eiver after leaving Nevers w^e crossed a beautiful hilly ]»lateau by La Pallice to Roanne, after three nights and twv) and a half days travel. AVe were informed sometime afterward that it had been the intention of the Mayor and authorities of this thriving manufacturing town of fifty-five thousand i)eople to give us a formal reception, but our arrival w-as so much delayed that the plans were called off. The entire command marched out to the northern confines of Roanne to tem])orary French Military Hospital No. 84 for lunch and then to a modern one story lios]utal just beyond the new bar- racks where the 1919 class of French recruits w^re being trained. These quarters of ours were knowm as No. 96, were well built with good water supply, toilets, laboratories and kitchens but no operat- ing room facilities. It could accommodate about four hundred patients, hence our C. O. had it in mind to put in the necessary w^ooden huts to increase the capacity. Our weeks stay in this bustling towm was a ha])py one except for the many flies. It was almost necessary to fight -^vith a hornet for anything sweet that you anticijiated eating. Regular courses of lectures for officers and men were instituted, hikes taken and all reasonable attempts made to acquire the proper equipment with which to start operations. Inasmuch as a Ford ambulance was the only vehicle in evidence, Private Sacco was sent to Rochefort for a Packard truck. About

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A.MKHK'AX I lOAlHOFATH Y IX THI': AVoHLK WaH

this time we made the acquaintance of Ident. Clark, S. C. of (’oloiiel Knft’ner’s staff in Xevers. fie met ns officially and con- doned onr lot.

Onr first mail was received on July 23rd but a few fortunate ones were the only individuals interested. There were many de- lightful walks about Koanne and these, together with the attractive inns, were early explored by officers and men. An excursion to Perrenx was much enjoyed because of the elevated location of the town and its evident ancient origin. On one of the official hikes a good i)hotograi)h of the officers was taken by an itinerant ])hotograplier and the same will be found re]n-odnced in the text. Onr advent in this neighborhood was a distinct novelty to the inhabitants inasmuch as the only Americans seen hereabouts had been a small detail of engineers. It seemed to many that it was unwise to unpack to any extent because it was doubtful if our stay in this locality was to be long. The institution which we occu])ied was not large enough for a base hospital’s work but rather suited for a cam]) hospital, which it afterwards became. Hence no one was sur])rised when on July 23rd orders were re- ceived directing the bulk of the outfit to entrain for the Mars lIos])ital Centre, about a hundred miles north of our ])resent situa- tion. Lieut. Col. Herbert, Ca])tains Calvert and iMiller, Tdeuten- ants Tyler and Bickford and seventeen men were left at Roanne to take charge of the ])roperty with the understanding that they would undoubtedly join us later. iMajor Dearborn, Ca])tain Clark, Lieutenants Ilynard and (Irosvenor were ordered to the Mesves IIos])ital Center but traveled with the Unit as far as Mars. Our train as it left Roanne at fl :40 T^. ]\L, July 24th, consisted of nine cars and progressed very slowly, arriving at i\Iars-.sur-Allier at 4 P. M. the next day. Tt was then switched on the U. S. Govern- ment tracks to the hos])ital center about two miles beyond.

Mars Hospital Center, Sept. 8th, 1918.

Mars Hospital Center, March 14th, 1918

Flag Raising at Topsiile, Mars Hospital Center Headquarters.

l’>ase IIosj)itaI No. 48, Mars Hospital Center, Au>rust 1018.

Headquarters I’ase Hospital No. 48. ^lars TTospital Center.

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Mars Hospital Center

Here we found a veritable city in the making', many wooden buildings completed or in some stage of construction, with much confusion and mud. This aggregation of American hospitals, which was built with the idea of accommodating forty thousand patients, had at this time a i)opulation consisting of one base hospital which had not yet functioned and a host of Chinos, French, S]ianish and colored labor liattalions with a few American en- gineers as bosses. The location of this wonderful American city was exceptionally good, with fair water su])ply and satisfactory drainage. A further division of the officer personnel was now necessary because of orders received upon the arrival of the Unit at Mars. After the four officers before mentioned had left on a truck with their baggage for Mesves, Lieut. Col. Honan received orders to send five operating surgeons and five assistants to Chau- mo]it, hence it was that Cai)tains Reynolds, White, Simpson, Lieu- tenants Vander Bogart and Richman with Lieutenants Arnold, Robertson, Alderson, De Tuncci and Woodmansee as Assistants, left about 11 P. M. on the same day for front line service. If it is taken into consideration that five officers were at Roanne, four at Mesves and ten on their way to the Front, it may be understood that the medical and surgical capacity of the base hospital was seriously interfered with, not to mention the necessity of entirely reorganizing the services. Lieut. Col. Honan at this time com- manded the Unit with Major Grant as Chief of the Surgical Service, Captain Randall, Chief of the Medical Service, Captain Hetrick, Adjutant, Captain Leighton, Mess Officer, Captain Davies, Detachment Commander and Lieut. Strahl, Quartermaster.

Before proceeding to an account of the real work of Base Hospital No. 48 it may be mentioned that of the ten operating surgeons and assistants sent to the Front on July 25th, only two were destined to return to our Unit during the period of its activity. Fortunately, Captains Reynolds and White returned on August 13th. None of the others returned until after the Armistice was signed and in one instance, that of Lieut. Vander

Ward N'o. 10

I’ase Hospital Xo. 48. i\Iars Hospital Center.

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BoQ’art, not at all. He eveiituallv returned to the United States as a casual officer. Lieutenants Ricliman and Vander Bogart were gassed in action and the latter received the Croix de Guerre.

A few cases were admitted to the hospital during the last three days of July but the first jiatient treated for battle injury was Private Glenn E, Blackledge, 166th Infantry, who was burned with mustard gas on July 30th at Chateau Thierry. On this date, August 2nd, the first hospital train arrived at 8 :30 A. M, directly from the Front and contained mostly litter cases. They had come from dressing stations to Evacuation Hospital No. 7 and thence by one of our American trains directly to “48.” Although Base Hospital No. 68 had arrived in Mars the day before the advent of our Unit, they did not possess an operating room, so naturally “48” received a large proportion of the serious cases. Although handicapped by the absence of no less than nineteen of our officers and a nimiber of the enlisted personnel and lacking nurses, the professional work was ably performed. This month of August was indeed a busy one with 1154 admissions, nearly all of whom were actual war casualties and many in a very serious condition. The days on which the greatest number were admitted were August 2nd with 464 admissions, August 9th with 183 and August 14th with 235.

On August 19th, Lieut. Col. Herbert, Captain Calvert, Lieut. Tyler and nine enlisted men reported from Roanne. Next day the long expected nurses, a hundred in number with six female civilian employees, arrived and were gladly welcomed. Changes in personnel were still in order, for on the 25th Lieut. Col. Dear- born, Captain Clark and Lieutenants Grosvenor and Hynard who had been on detached duty at the Mesves Hospital Center returned. They had performed many interesting and varied duties at this Center which was to become in a hospitalization sense the only rival in France of the Mars Hospital Center. Besides command- ing the first provisional hospital and taking care of a large number of battle casualties, they had iierformed all the professional ser- vices necessary to the successful organization of the Convalescent

^lartian” Board.

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Camp at Mesves-Biilcy, As if it were not intended that the Unit should be kept together very long, twenty of our nurses left for detached duty on this identical date, being sent to the Mesves Hospital Center.

Apart from the very busy professional work entailed upon the Unit at this time, numerous other activities incident to our American city were inaugurated. A Medical Society composed of the medical officers of the Center was formed and regular pro- grams presented. Thus eminent specialists on temporary visits to our camp were heard and professional topics discussed. The very successful Masonic Society of the Center, which eventually had two hundred and forty-nine active members, now became a reality and about twenty-five of our officers and enlisted men participated in the meetings which continued throughout the life of the Camp except when interrupted by the influenza epidemic.

On August 25th the first number of “The Martian” appeared in mimeograph in one page form with subject matter by Private Rulifel and cartoon by Private Ablitzer. In this connection it may be stated that Lieut. Col. Dearborn interviewed Colonel Skinner, Commanding Officer of the Center, on the subject of a Center newspaper on August 26th and a meeting of representatives of all the organizations then in the Center was called for August 29th. It was decided to continue the name “The Martian” and to have the sheet printed as soon as finances would permit. Prom these simple beginnings the paper developed into a six and eight page weekly which never failed to appear on time and which had a paid circulation of five thousand copies. Many halftones were ])roduced in the later issues, giving a very complete pictorial his- tory of the Camp. All the various units were fully written up. While it was impossible to divulge much real information until after the Armistice, nevertheless, full accounts of all social, profes- sional and athletic activities were covered by men whose life work had been in the newspaper line. It was remarkable how many of the staff had enjoyed experience as publishers, reporters or printers. Private McKendree O’Brien of Base Hospital No. 48 supervised

142

A.mehicax Homeopathy ix the Wop.eh Wak

the lu’intiiip: from the ])cj2,Tmniie:. Privates Ahlitzer and Kulifel were eonsidered so necessary to the ])aj)er’s welfare that they were transferred to 1 Iea<l(inarters and relieved of all hospital work. A])art from Colonel Skinner’s tirm advocacy of this ])roject. Base Ilos])ital Xo. 48 was the main intluence behind the venture and at a ci‘itical time in the course of its tiuances, subscribed very gen- erously to continue the sheet even after the Unit had left for home. Foi’ nine months evcuyone looked forward to the Sunday morning a])])earan(‘e of “The Martian.’’ On A])ril 27th, 1919, the last numher, Xo. ;>b, ap])eaiT(l and it could be truly said that it had been a great factor in the therapy of the ('amp. At the height of its career there Avere re])resentatives on its staff, in addition to the Kditoi'ial and Managerial Deicartments, from I leachpiarters. Con- valescent Camj), (^)uartermaster Detachment, Base Hospitals Xo. 14, Xo. :ir). Xo. 48, Xo. (12, Xo. (18, Xo. 107, Xo. 110, Xo. 122,, Xo. 131 and Kvacuation Hos])itals Xo. 30 and Xo. 37. This enumeration will serve to illustrate the number of units ] (resent and functioning at the Mars Hospital ('enter in January and February, 1919.

After the retuiTi of seven officers in late August, it was neces- sary to again reorganize the services with Ideut. ('oh Honan as Chief of the Surgical Section and Jjieut. Col. Dearborn as ('liief of the Medical Section. AVhile there was some illness among the nurses and enlisted ])ei'.'^omiel towards the end of August, nothing serious developed. 4'he officers of Base Hosidtal Xo. 3o, who had been on duty thi'ough “48’s” ru.Hi ])eriod, were all relieved during the early ]iart of September and returned to their own unit. At least twenty of our enlisted men were detached for various duties about the hos]Mtal center, some to help out the ever increasing and ])oorly manned IMotor Transport Service, some to make a success of “The ^lartian,’’ some to do technical work at the Center Laboratory and others to Headcpiarters so that they might serve with the IMars Center orchestra Avhich became duly famous in our section of France. It may be noted that none of these men re- turned to Base TTos]utal Xo. 48 until it was ready to leave the Center in February, 1919. Another chance was given to our Unit

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to see active service, so on September 1st, Major Grant, Captain Clark, Lieut. Chase, two nurses and two enlisted men, left for temporary duty at the Front and did not return until December 6th. This detail was afterwards divided into two operating teams presided over by Major Grant and Captain Clark respectively and as such enjoyed a most interesting and active service. It is naturally impossible to enumerate the experiences in detail of our detached officers and men. Could they be summarized in the ag- gregate they would greatly increase the total share of “48’s” par- ticipation in the active period of the war.

During October we were still very busy, no less than 1744 patients being admitted to what was now a fairly complete and well run institution. To the normal ward capacity of a thousand beds was added the usual tent annexes. Our wards were arranged along two streets, a term employed for lack of a better, with the nurses’ quarters at the head of one street and the officers’ mess and quarters at the head of the other. Facing east and at the front of our section, the headquarters building looked upon the main macadam road of the Center. Of course we had mud and plenty of it. After a short while, however, and especially upon the advent of electric lights on August 30th, no one seemed to mind the mud which was synonymous with France in the minds of most Ameri- can soldiers. During October and the first half of November our hospital hummed with activity and as might be said of the pre- ceding two months there were few empty beds although cases were rapidly evacuated from the wards to the tents and then to service, the Convalescent Camp or homeward as soon as possible.

On the 1st of October, Lieut. Col. Dearborn was transferred to the Convalescent Camp as Commanding Officer thereof. Captain Olcott was transferred to the Center Laboratory and Chaplain Mastaglio reported for permanent duty. On October 3rd, Lieut. Frohlich, our new Quartermaster, and five enlisted men — all tliat remained of No. 48 in Roanne — finally reported. The last of our equipment which started to arrive on the wonderful little French baggage cars on September 2nd was received in toto and in good

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condition by the end of October. It was during this month that “48” inaugurated tlie first theatrical production in the Center. With the hel]) of a few outsiders, a good minstrel show was pro- duced which was afterwards repeated in various parts of the com- munity. This was but the first of many and more elaborate l)roductions. Colonel Skinner, the C. O. of the Center, a good musician himself, was a thorough believer in the psychological value of entertainment and no pains were spared to make the Topside Theatre a profitable venture. Our hospital contributed very largely to the musical and theatrical success of the Center and no one who was in the A. E. F. after the Armistice will deny the therapeutic importance of these endeavors.

It was during the prevalence of influenza that “48” suffered her casualties all from the same dread disease, pneumonia. Private Edward Gurry died October 20th and nurses Margaret Worth, Elizabeth Weiman and Anna Breen passed away on October 23rd, November 6th and November 17th, respectively. All of these valuable members of the Unit had performed splendid and earnest work and their loss, together with one other casualty which we were to suffer later, demonstrates beyond question that it is not necessary to do battle service in order to offer the supreme sacrifice. During the last half of October Sergeants Taylor, Herrick and McLean and Privates Begin, Schunian, Perry and Whitehead were detached to take examinations for commissions. These well deserved iiromotions were held up because of the Armistice.

Armistice Day, November 11th, was quietly celebrated in our Hospital Center except for an evening visit from the Convalescent Camp Regiment and Band which duly serenaded all the units in the Center. A few officers and men, however, managed to get away with or without permission and enjoyed the hilarity of the neighboring villages and in a few instances, Nevers and Moulins. A description of this Day, or rather night, as it appeared in “The Martian” of November 17th is so realistic and true of the senti- ments expressed everywhere and the actions indulged in that we quote it as follows: “THE DAY. Will you ever forget it, — you

P>ase Hospital No. 48, ^lars Hospital Coiitor.

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who were fortunate enough to be in Nevers the night of the Eleventh? Were you one of those who, locked arm in arm with a happy Frenchman, paraded the Rue de Commerce, shouting ‘Vive La France!’, finally pushing into a little cafe crowded to the doors with soldiers and civilians pleading with tears in their eyes for a little attention from ‘Garcon’? What a night! Any man with a bugle, drum, flag, tin pan or large rosette in his buttonhole, immediately became leader of a parade organized on the spot. At the arch the crowd was thickest. You either bought a tricolor from a chic little mademoiselle or you didn’t — but in either case you received a cheery ‘merci, M’sieu.’ When the cart containing the smiling German prisoners made its appearance, driven by a little poilu bubbling over with mirth and vin rouge, were you one of those who jumped on and stuck a little American flag in their caps? Did you stand on the street corner with three other com- panions, singing the ‘Marseillaise’ in quartette style, making an awful mess of it, but getting enthusiastic support from the audience ? W ere you invited to cafe en f amille with the man who sells hot chestnuts in front of the news stand, with whom you have a speaking acquaintance ? But wait ! Perhaps you were grabbed by a cognac ’d Frenchman and in spite of your struggles, given a resounding smack on both cheeks while the crowd roared wdth laughter? It happened to us and we’re not ashamed in the least — only a little sore. This bird had a weeks growth on his face. And then the windup — reminding the driver of an ambulance bound for where you should be after Taps, that at some time or other you had helped him roll his pack and that this was the time to show his appreciation ! Picking out a nice comfortable seat on the tail lamp you immediately fell asleep, w^aking only after you’d reached Topside, which is about a half mile from your owm bar- racks. Were you there? We were, and Boy, we wouldn’t have missed it for the world!”

It is convenient to group the period November 11th to Janu- ary 15th, 1919, as one entity because it represents an easy epoch in the work of Base Hospital No. 48 as com]iared with the previous

Above — Convalescent Camp vs. Base TIospilal Xo. 48 on Skinner Field. Below — Football Team of P>ase Hospital Xo. 48.

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four months. While there was enough to keep everyone busy and to provide the Evacuation Officer with ht material for combat work or departure for home, it was nevertheless a time when everyone felt that recreation was needed. It is to the credit of all the commanding officers of the Center that they appreciated the real value of entertainment. However, many of the units did not properly institute concerted athletic activity. Had it not been for the splendid football teams developed by the Convalescent Cam]) and Base Hospital No. 48, there would have been little real interest in this very American game. Our Hospital team played the Convalescent Camp team before crowds of nurses, officers and men varying in number from 3,000 to 6,000 on November 10th, 17th and 28th, winning one game and losing two. Judging from the other teams seen in action on Skinner Field at the Convalescent Camp, it is admitted that Base Hospital No. 48 had the second best football team in the Center and probably could have de- veloped the best had the men been allowed more time for practice and had more competent coaches been available.

Socially, November, December and January were very inter- esting months for the officers, nurses and enlisted men. On Decem- ber 13th the “Red Lamp” by “the Players of 48” was given in the Red Cross hut of Base Hospital No. 35. The parts in this tine ])erformance were acceptably filled by Misses Chalmers, Bulger and Goold, and Captain Miller and Lieutenants Broderick and Frohlich. There were special celebrations on Armistice Day, Thanksgiving, Christmas Eve, Christmas, with a proper climax New Years Eve, because then it was that the personnel were first informed that a telegram had been received at Headquarters an- nouncing the early departure of the Hospital for the United States. Regular seven day leaves were started for the enlisted men on December 5th and thereafter for many weeks officers, nurses and men enjoyed a real treat in Southern France. A few wan- dered into other regions and many interesting tales could be told of trips enjoyed without funds or passes. It is surprising the amount of free travel that an energetic Yankee could enjoy in

Litter Cases aiiout to l>e i)laced on Hospital Train.

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France after the Armistice. It is hardly too much to say that there was not a section of France that did not receive a visit from some of our sightseeing doughboys, wliether these sections were in of- ficial leave areas or not. Only those officers who sat on Court Martials can appreciate the real romance of such a buccaneer trip.

Naturally the mutual relations that existed between our Hos- pital and other units in the Center were fostered not only by athletic competition but also by little courtesies extended especially by officers and nurses of the various units, one to the other. Our relations with the Convalescent Camp were particularly close be- cause the Commanding Officer Lieut. Col. Dearborn, the Adjutant Lieut. Clark, the Police Officer Lieut. Fletcher, as well as Sergeant Ridifel and Corporal Christie were